Security of underwater and air–water wireless communication: State-of-the-art, challenges and outlook

Aman, Waqas; Al-Kuwari, Saif; Muzzammil, Muhammad; Rahman, Muhammad Mahboob Ur; Kumar, Ambrish

doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2023.103114

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Promising future directions include material exploration, where developing novel materials with low conductivity and high permittivity for antenna construction can minimize signal attenuation in seawater [51]. Additionally, metamaterialinspired designs offer exciting possibilities for manipulating electromagnetic waves, potentially leading to antennas with improved radiation characteristics and reduced size 5 [2]. Reconfigurable antennas that can dynamically adjust their properties based on the communication environment also hold potential for improving network adaptability and performance [57].…”

Section: Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

Paredes,

Arboleda

2024

Preprint

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Underwater communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) faces challenges due to the unique underwater environment. This review explores these challenges (attenuation, multipath propagation, limited bandwidth) across acoustic, optical, and radio frequency (RF) communication channels. It highlights how innovative antenna designs are crucial to mitigate these limitations and enable efficient data transmission. The review analyzes monopole, dipole, and helical antennas, discussing their trade-offs in radiation pattern, efficiency, and mitigating multipath effects. Advancements in materials, metamaterials, and reconfigurable antennas offer promising solutions for improved signal propagation, reduced attenuation, and better environmental adaptability. Research gaps include material exploration for low-conductivity antennas and optimizing antenna designs. Rigorous performance evaluation remains essential. Overall, advancements in underwater antenna technology are key to unlocking the full potential of UWSNs and enabling breakthroughs in marine applications.

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Section: Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

Paredes,

Arboleda

2024

Preprint

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“…In this section, we summarize the existing surveys on underwater communication security, and detail our contributions to the body of knowledge [2], [5], [6], [9]- [13].…”

Section: Summary Of Previous Surveys and Our Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Survey of Security Schemes and Privacy-Preserving Techniques for the Internet of Underwater Things

Adam,

Ali,

Naeem

et al. 2024

Preprint

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With the growing interest that is being shown in marine resources, the concept of the internet of things (IoT) has been extended to underwater scenarios, which has given rise to the internet of underwater things (IoUT). The IoUT encompasses a network of interconnected intelligent underwater devices that can be used to monitor underwater environments and support various applications, such as underwater exploration, disaster prevention, and environmental monitoring. Advances in underwater wireless communication and sensor technologies have propelled the IoUT concept forward. However, the IoUT faces significant challenges. The harsh and vast underwater environment make information sensing particularly difficult and lead to insufficient or inaccurate data being collected. Additionally, underwater conditions like pressure variation, hydrological characteristics, temperature changes, water currents, and topography hinder conventional communication models and make data transmission difficult and inefficient. Security in IoUT networks is a critical concern due to hardware limitations and seawater channel imperfections. Constrained sensor nodes and spatial-temporal uncertainty introduced by node mobility further complicate security provisioning. This survey paper addresses these challenges by offering a comprehensive overview of IoUT security. The investigation thoroughly examines both traditional and classic machine learning techniques, and focuses on deploying advanced technologies such as federated learning and digital twin. The study effectively addresses integration challenges and open issues, and provides a roadmap for future directions to play a pivotal role in formulating robust security mechanisms for IoUT networks.

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“…We keep the depth of the water to 1km, the maximum height of the drones from the water's surface to 1km, and the height of the fixed wings nodes to 3km from the water's surface. We set the transmission range of the underwater nodes to 500m, surface and drone nodes to 1km, and 10 km for the fixed wing nodes, the data rate for the acoustic channel is 10 kbps and the RF link is 6 Mbps, and accordingly, we calculate the transit power of the nodes based on relevant path-loss models [8]. We chose two main performance metrics: average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio (PDR) to evaluate the proposed cross-media routing mechanism.…”

Section: Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security of Underwater and Air-Water Wireless Communication

Aman¹,

Al-Kuwari²,

Kumar³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We present a first detailed survey that focuses on the security challenges faced by the underwater and air-water (A-W) wireless communication networks (WCNs), as well as the countermeasures proposed to date. Specifically, we provide a detailed literature review of the various kinds of active and passive attacks which hamper the confidentiality, integrity, authentication and availability of both underwater and A-W WCNs. For clarity of exposition, this survey paper is mainly divided into two parts. The first part of the paper is essentially a primer on underwater and A-W WCNs whereby we outline the benefits and drawbacks of the three promising underwater and A-W candidate technologies: radio frequency (RF), acoustic, and optical, along with channel modelling. To this end, we also describe the indirect (relay-aided) and direct mechanisms for the A-W WCNs along with channel modelling. This sets the stage for the second part (and main contribution) of the paper whereby we provide a thorough comparative discussion of a vast set of works that have reported the security breaches (as well as viable countermeasures) for many diverse configurations of the underwater and A-W WCNs. Finally, we highlight some research gaps in the open literature and identify some open problems for the future work.

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Security of underwater and air–water wireless communication: State-of-the-art, challenges and outlook

Cited by 32 publications

References 126 publications

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

A Comprehensive Survey of Security Schemes and Privacy-Preserving Techniques for the Internet of Underwater Things

Security of Underwater and Air-Water Wireless Communication

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