Security of Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

Mafu, Mhlambululi; Senekane, Makhamisa

doi:10.5772/intechopen.74234

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…2) Quantum key distribution protocols (a) Schemes of QKD Protocol: The two main schemes used to design QKD protocols are Prepare and Measure (P&M) scheme, and Entanglement-Based (EB) scheme [1], [96], [108].…”

Section: A Quantum Bitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(i) Prepare and Measure Scheme: In the P&M scheme, Alice prepares the information in the form of polarized photons and then sends that information to Bob, which is then measured by Bob [96], [108], as shown in Fig. 5.…”

Section: A Quantum Bitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alice and Bob then measure the received quantum states. In this scheme, the quantum states of both the sender and receiver are associated in such a way that the measurement on one affects the other, and both can easily detect any attempt of eavesdropping [108]. The QKD protocols based on this scheme are Ekert-91 (E91) [29] and Bennett Brassard Meermin-92 (BBM92) [31].…”

Section: Polarized Photonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Quantum Phase: In the quantum phase, Alice communicates with Bob over the quantum channel in the following steps [108]:…”

Section: °9 0°1 35°45°fmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum Key Distribution Secured Optical Networks: A Survey

Sharma

Agrawal

Bhatia

et al. 2021

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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Increasing incidents of cyber attacks and evolution of quantum computing poses challenges to secure existing information and communication technologies infrastructure. In recent years, quantum key distribution (QKD) is being extensively researched, and is widely accepted as a promising technology to realize secure networks. Optical fiber networks carry a huge amount of information, and are widely deployed around the world in the backbone terrestrial, submarine, metro, and access networks. Thus, instead of using separate dark fibers for quantum communication, integration of QKD with the existing classical optical networks has been proposed as a cost-efficient solution, however, this integration introduces new research challenges. In this paper, we do a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art QKD secured optical networks, which is going to shape communication networks in the coming decades. We elucidate the methods and protocols used in QKD secured optical networks, and describe the process of key establishment. Various methods proposed in the literature to address the networking challenges in QKD secured optical networks, specifically, routing, wavelength and time-slot allocation (RWTA), resiliency, trusted repeater node (TRN) placement, QKD for multicast service, and quantum key recycling are described and compared in detail. This survey begins with the introduction to QKD and its advantages over conventional encryption methods. Thereafter, an overview of QKD is given including quantum bits, basic QKD system, QKD schemes and protocol families along with the detailed description of QKD process based on the Bennett and Brassard-84 (BB84) protocol as it is the most widely used QKD protocol in the literature. QKD system are also prone to some specific types of attacks, hence, we describe the types of quantum hacking attacks on the QKD system along with the methods used to prevent them. Subsequently, the process of point-to-point mechanism of QKD over an optical fiber link is described in detail using the BB84 protocol. Different architectures of QKD secured optical networks are described next. Finally, major findings from this comprehensive survey are summarized with highlighting open issues and challenges in QKD secured optical networks.

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Section: A Quantum Bitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Quantum Bitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polarized Photonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Quantum Phase: In the quantum phase, Alice communicates with Bob over the quantum channel in the following steps [108]:…”

Section: °9 0°1 35°45°fmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantum Key Distribution Secured Optical Networks: A Survey

Sharma

Agrawal

Bhatia

et al. 2021

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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show abstract

“…It uses particles, such as photons, to enable two remote parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt confidential messages in a classical way. [18][19] Any attempt to intercept the key during creation and distribution will disturb the correlation, alerting users not to use the key thus preempting eavesdropping. The superposition state of a quantum system gets destroyed when exposed to external environment making the state unpredictable, and detects eaves dropper during key distribution process.…”

Section: Fig2 Principle Of Superpositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Securing IOT Network through Quantum Key Distribution

2019

IJITEE

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Current cryptographic techniques broadly specified as conventional cryptography is solely based on the solidity of the mathematical concepts. The advancements in quantum computing can use reversible logic to compute the keys and easily break the existing security in conventional computers. From the analysis of the network structure of Internet of Things (IOT) it is very clear that the entire backbone of the system would collapse if it is attacked or hacked. IOT is a wireless technology that connects “ANYTHING” around to the Internet. IOT is a revolution which should be protected from the attackers as it would lead to several losses which could even be fatal. Hence a strong provision for securing users data in IOT is a real challenge. This paper is attempted to review the fundamentals of Quantum Key Distribution, security aspects for IOT and to address how QKD can be used to secure a IOT system. The challenge encountered is to increase the range and increase the transmission rate of data in QKD systems and to check for a possible solution to adhere these systems with existing information security solutions

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Analyzing the contribution of material science in quantum cryptography: A scientometric study

Sharma,

Gupta,

Sood

2023

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

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Quantum cryptography (QC) provides security to information through laws of nature, particularly quantum mechanics. The necessity of making QC a living reality has provided the impetus to advancement in material science, which led to many publications since 1996. Therefore, in this work, we analyze the articles in the Scopus database concerning the contribution of material science in the development of QC through scientometric methods. A total of 1395 articles published from 1996 to 2022 were retrieved from the Scopus database. Subsequently, these articles were analyzed to retrieve publication patterns, major collaborating nations, significant documents, recent trends, and future directions. A comprehensive introduction to QC is also included to facilitate a better grasp of this field for a wide range of readers. The findings of this study show that China is the leading nation in developing QC through material science, closely followed by the United States and India. Moreover, the study indicates significant areas of QC where extensive work is being done from the material science standpoint through keyword and significant document analysis. Hence, the outcomes of this article can be valuable for researchers, newcomers, technology managers, and policymakers interested in the future of QC.

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Security of Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

Cited by 18 publications

References 54 publications

Quantum Key Distribution Secured Optical Networks: A Survey

Quantum Key Distribution Secured Optical Networks: A Survey

Securing IOT Network through Quantum Key Distribution

Analyzing the contribution of material science in quantum cryptography: A scientometric study

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