Security in Internet of Things: A Review

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) is the paramount virtual network that enables remote users to access connected multimedia devices. It has dragged the attention of the community because it encompasses realworld scenarios with implicit environs. Despite several beneficial aspects, IoT is surrounded by provocations for successful implementation, as data travels in different layers. One of the critical challenges is the security of the data in these layers. Researchers conducted numerous studies focused on the level of security at a single technique, creating loopholes to address the entire scenario of securing an IoT network. This study aims to comprehensively review current security issues, wireless communication techniques, and technologies for securing IoT. This work's utmost significance is addressing all the security perspectives at a glance. For this purpose, research contributions from the previous years are investigated for better understanding. Some countermeasures and snags from security perspectives have also been analyzed in detail concerning the current industry trends. Blockchain, machine learning, fog, and edge computing are possible solutions to secure IoT. After studying these techniques and their immunity to attacks, machine learning can become a hope if incorporated with end-to-end security. This comprehensive review will provide adequate understanding and knowledge in defining security lines of action for the successful implementation of IoT.

Energy-Efficient Federated Learning With Resource Allocation for Green IoT Edge Intelligence in B5G

“…From the first derivative in (30), it is a decreasing function of bandwidth ℬ 𝓃 . The second derivative in (31) * is a convex function that can be solved by using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions [7], [33], [34], [39]. By introducing Lagrange multipliers Ѵ in (29), this is:…”

“…From (39), the convex function 𝜎 𝓃 (ѱ) = 𝜗 𝓃 (𝒪 𝓃 (ѱ)) is obtained by taking the first and second derivatives of (43) and (44). From (43), the optimal ѱ * is obtained by taking the first derivative ƴ ′ (ѱ) = − 𝒵 𝓃 ѱ 2 ≤ 0 ⁄ , and also the second derivative is ƴ ′′ (ѱ) = 2 𝒵 𝓃 ѱ 3 ≥ 0 ⁄ .…”

Secure data access using blockchain technology through IoT cloud and fabric environment

“…This threat increases with enhancements in technological developments where people get trained and misuse their skills due to a lack of expertise. 14 Towards this end, if blockchain is used as a place to carry and store messages across, then there is increased protection against tampering with original messages due to its immutability aspect. 15 Hence, efforts in the direction of ply compatibility against the version of the software being chosen to build the application using emerging domains serve to be the need of the hour.…”

“…This causes the opponent forces to creep into the secret mission and ruin it. This threat increases with enhancements in technological developments where people get trained and misuse their skills due to a lack of expertise 14 . Towards this end, if blockchain is used as a place to carry and store messages across, then there is increased protection against tampering with original messages due to its immutability aspect 15 .…”

EU Cybersecurity Act and IoT Certification: Landscape, Perspective and a Proposed Template Scheme

“…These components are often not tested for existing vulnerabilities or enforcement of stateof-the-art security standards [2]. The consequence of these IoT vulnerabilities has resulted in compromise by adversaries affecting IoT devices from video cameras and smart locks to industrial safety systems [1], [3], [4], resulting in incidents of large-scale Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks [3], [5], [6]. Although the availability of security solutions in the market is rapidly increasing, without the enforcement of these mechanism within devices, the improvement in the security posture of IoT devices cannot be guaranteed.…”