Security Establishment in ADS-B by Format-Preserving Encryption and Blockchain Schemes

Abstract

In the next generation modernization plan, the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) system plays a pivotal role. However, the ADS-B’s low level of security and its vulnerabilities have raised valid concerns. The main objectives of this paper are to highlight the limitations of legacy ADS-B systems and to assess the feasibility of using Format-preserving (F), Feistel-based encryption (F), with multiple implementation variances (X) (FFX) algorithms, for enhancing ADS-B’s security. The offered solution is implemented in a standard software-defined radio (SDR) ADS-B to be utilized in real-time applications. Furthermore, a new proposed blockchain scheme is used as a secured database to manage the cipher key. The metric of message entropy is used to assess an algorithm’s ability to confuse and diffuse predictable ADS-B messages; correlation and serial correlation of plain data and cipher data are deployed to evaluate the proposed method’s security level. The authors provide both MATLAB simulations and flight test outcomes to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Based on our security analysis, ADS-B information can be kept confidential through our scheme. The performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed scheme is achievable, compatible, and efficient for the avionics industry.

BLOCKBOX: Blockchain based black box designing and modeling

“…Looking ahead, the consensus mechanisms and cryptographic algorithms used in this study might evolve, drawing from recent research. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] The usage of identity-based encryption 42 and blockchain-based methods together is planned. In addition, it is also considered to be used in blockchain-based applications with ECDSA, 43 which is a digital signature method that has become popular recently.…”

“…In Reference 30, a blockchain based peer to peer multiparty transaction scheme is proposed which allows multiple users to participant in one transaction simultaneously. They offer a new solution for the key exchange for encryption via the blockchain scheme, design and implement format‐preserving, Feistel‐based encryption, with multiple implementation variances algorithms, for enhancing automatic dependent surveillance‐broadcast (ADS‐B) security in Reference 31. Furthermore, in the following fields IoT and blockchain work together: in Reference 32, a blockchain based scheme for secure authentication, data sharing and nonrepudiation, in Reference 33 a time‐bounded secure attribute‐based online/offline signature with constant message size and blockchain‐assisted hierarchical attribute‐based encryption scheme for secure information 34 are proposed.…”

“…Looking ahead, the consensus mechanisms and cryptographic algorithms used in this study might evolve, drawing from recent research 28–34 . The usage of identity‐based encryption 42 and blockchain‐based methods together is planned.…”

Advancements in ADS-B Security: A Comprehensive Survey of Vulnerabilities, Mitigation Strategies, System Requirements, and Emerging Research Trends

“…Digital signatures preserve the ADS-B system openness property by not modifying the ADS-B message content. A digital signature guarantees the ADS-B message authentication and integrity with the help of signatures appended to every message [69].…”

Construction of a model of steganographic embedding of the UAV identifier into ADS-B data

“…In [4], a cryptographic method of data protection in the ADS-B format is considered. A characteristic feature of the protection method proposed in the paper is the blockchain encryption key management scheme.…”