Security assurances to non‐nuclear‐weapon states

Varieties of Assurance

“…46 Reflecting the long-standing dissatisfactions with the available security assurances, most writing about security assurances has been prescriptive, urging the nuclear weapon states to re-affirm and strengthen NPT-related assurances. 47 Since 2008, as nuclear arms reductions and discussions of disarmament have come back on the table, there has also been a flurry of studies that address the assurance implications of US extended nuclear deterrence commitments to friends and allies. These similarly focus mainly on contemporary policy debates rather than undertake new empirical research to assess the impact of assurances.…”

Posisi Indonesia terhadap Rekomendasi Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities

“…Non-proliferasi senjata nuklir terus diupayakan melalui pelaksanaan NPT Article III butir 1 terkait keterlibatan IAEA dalam penentuan safeguards untuk menjamin penggunaan nuklir oleh negara-negara non-senjata-nuklir bukan untuk senjata. Sebagai gantinya, negara-negara non-senjata-nuklir yang menandatangani NPT akan dilindungi oleh negara-negara bersenjata nuklir dari ancaman senjata nuklir yang datang dari negara atau pihak-pihak lain (Bunn & Timerbaev, 1993 (Pace, 2015). Negara-negara bingung untuk memilih mana di antara keduanya yang harus didukung hingga akhirnya pada Juli 2016 ICoC dibubarkan (Martinez, 2018).…”

Security Assurances for the Gulf States: A Bearable Burden?

“…21 That the resolutions also ask the NWS to "seek immediate Security Council action to provide assistance in accordance with the UN Charter" should be considered pro forma and need not stand in the way of rapid reactions on the part of the NWS in coming to the aid of a NNWS subjected to nuclear threats or actions. 22 The Gulf states also fall under the unilateral negative security-assurance pledge given in connection with the 1995 UN resolution in which "the United States reaffirms that it will not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons except in the case of an invasion or any other attack on the United States, its territories, its armed forces or other troops, its allies, or on a State towards which it has a security commitment, carried out or sustained by such a non-nuclear-weapon State in association or alliance with a nuclear-weapon State." 23 Our defense strategy has in different ways included some form of negative security assurances.…”