Securitizing Migration in the European Union: from Openness to Ban-Opticon

Abstract

This paper offers a view on why and how migrations have been perceived as a security threat in the European Union. The underlining question posed is how the ambition of EU nation-states to control the entry and movement of people can be reconciled with liberal standards promoting human rights, open borders and humanitarian values. The author uses the theory of securitization, Didier Bigo's concept of Ban-opticon and human security concept as theoretical grounds, while the normative and political discourse analyses are utilized to show the EU practice. The intention is to show that while the number of migrants has not been significantly change in the last years, the public perception is different, especially due to the Arab Spring. The EU, which integration and long-time economic success would not be possible without constant influx of the immigrants, in the recent years developed people unfriendly migration control system. I argue that such system came as a result of several factors, most notably societal securitization. As the Arab turmoil coincides with the post 9/11 changes in security policies, economic crisis and the rise of far right parties in several EU Member States, the migration issue has been increasingly securitized. EU's legal norms and methods follow such societal securitization. Tight border control (including increased surveillance), usage of buffer zones and externalization of border control are crucial EU methods of dealing with migration. The author concludes that while migrations have a clear security dimension, they are best addressed through rights-based policies.

Migration in the national context - mapping the research challenges

“…Analiza sadržaja radova objavljenih u nacionalnim časopisima međunarodnog značaja pokazala je da se interesovanje domaćih istraživača za upravljanje migracijama kreće od apstraktnih razmatranja prirode migracija i granica iz domena političke teorije i filozofije (Đorđević, 2008, 2017Vasiljević, 2017), preko uopštenijih analiza politike upravljanja migracijama (Knežević i Vidanović 2011;Bobić i Babović, 2013) i usaglašenosti sa tzv. evropskim standardima (Brkić i Stanković, 2012;Stevandić, 2019), do konkretnijih analitičkih razmatranja bezbednosnih posledica migracionih tokova (Glušac, 2014;Simeunović, 2018;Cvetković i Vujović, 2019). Ključan pregledni rad koji pretenduje da ponudi sistematske uvide u različite aspekte migracija u Srbiji (Bobić i Babović, 2013) analizira i regularne (kretanje radnika, porodična spajanja, studiranje, traženje azila, readmisiju i dr) i neregularne migracije, ali treba skrenuti pažnju na temeljne promene u migracionim trendovima nakon početka migrantske krize (2015) i početka pandemije COVID-19 (2019).…”

“…diskurs je izraz reakcije na unutrašnje i spoljašnje krize, a ima funkciju da mobiliše biračko telo (Perić Diligenski, 2019: 1321. Jedan realističan osvrt na promenjenu dinamiku odnosa pojedinih država članica EU prema migracijama, sa posledičnim pravljenjem izbora između suverenog prava da kontrolišu svoje granice i kretanje ljudi na svojoj teritoriji sa ljudskim pravima, humanošću i drugim liberalnim vrednostima, nalazi se u radu koji se oslanja na teoriju sekuritizacije (Glušac, 2014). Normativnom analizom i analizom diskursa u državama EU pokazuje se kako se vremenom menjala percepcija migranata: od ekonomskog zamajca i potrebe stalnog priliva radne snage do nepoželjnih tuđina od kojih štiti "tvrđava Evropa".…”