Securitisation behind persona non grata: Implications to the theory and the cases regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022

Abstract

Background: Diplomats or consuls can be declared persona non grata (PNG) by receiving states. In many cases, it is declared for security reasons, claiming that issues caused by sending states are matters of national security of receiving states. The extant literature focused on legal aspects of it regarding diplomatic immunities and privileges, but the declarations of PNG in international affairs require considerations from security studies. Methods: Security is a social construct, and the process of construction is explained by securitisation theory by the Copenhagen School and the Paris School. The paper conducted an overview of PNG by a general examination of the declarations of PNG with securitisation theory. Further examinations were done focusing on series of the declarations of PNG during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Along with the overall examination of PNG during the crisis, the analysis of the declaration of PNG to a Japanese Consul in Vladivostok, Russia was conducted as a unique case. Results: Generally, declaration of PNG is a result of securitisation within normal politics as the Paris School theorised, not exceeding normal politics as the Copenhagen School theorised. Also, two implications to the theory were found: 1) the need to focus on the existential threat; and 2) the need to consider a sphere of gradation between normal and emergency politics. The massacre in Bucha, Ukraine triggered many declarations of PNG, indicating that the cause of the securitisation of PNG was the massacre as an existential threat. The case of Vladivostok was a deviation from normal politics with a possible illegal detention of the consul, but the declaration of PNG itself is within normal politics. Rather than seeing the case simply as in the realm of emergency politics, it is better interpreted as a mixture of normal and emergency politics.