Securidaca inappendiculata-Derived Xanthones Protected Joints from Degradation in Male Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Regulating PPAR-γ Signaling

Abstract

Background The bark of Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. is traditionally used for treating inflammatory diseases and bone fractures in China. We have previously validated the xanthone-enriched fraction (XRF) of S. inappendiculata with anti-rheumatic potentials, but mechanism underlying the joints protective effects is still largely unknown. Materials and Methods The male rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were treated with XRF. The therapeutic efficacy of XRF was evaluated by arthritis score changes, morphological observation of paws, histological examinations and serological analyses. Protein expression in tissues and cells was investigated by either immunohistochemical or immunoblotting methods, while levels of mRNA expression were investigated by RT-qPCR. Metabolites in serum were detected by LC-MS approach. The joints homogenates were used for analyzing possible targeted genes by genome microarray analyses. Results Treatment with XRF and methotrexate (MTX) led to significant decrease in arthritis scores, and alleviated deformation of paws in CIA rats. In addition, XRF and MTX reduced circulating TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17α in the serum and down-regulated TLR4/NF-κB and JNK pathways in joints of CIA rats. Compared to MTX, XRF-loading microemulsion significantly protected joints, which was accompanied by dramatic decrease in MMP3. Differential genes-based KEGG enrichment and metabolomics analysis suggested that XRF reduced fatty acids biosynthesis by regulating PPAR-γ signaling. S inappendiculata -derived 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) up-regulated PPAR-γ expression in macrophages, but suppressed it in pre-adipocytes in vitro, which was synchronized with SIRT1 changes. Adiponectin production and SCD-1 expression in pre-adipocytes were also decreased. Aside the direct inhibition on MMP3 expression in synovioblast, the presence of XAN in macrophages-pre-adipocytes co-culture system further reinforced this effect. Conclusion This study revealed the joint protective advantages of the bioactive fraction from S. inappendiculata in CIA rats over MTX, and demonstrated that S. inappendiculata -derived xanthones suppressed the erosive nature of synovioblast acquired under inflammatory circumstances by regulating PPAR-γ signaling-controlled metabolism-immunity feedback.

Metabolic Enzyme Triosephosphate Isomerase 1 and Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase, Two Independent Inflammatory Indicators in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Evidences From Collagen-Induced Arthritis and Clinical Samples

“…This theory would be helpful to explaining the decrease of triglyceride in CIA rats ( Figure 1C ). The accelerated fat oxidation has been validated by metabolomics evidence from both RA patients and rheumatic rats ( 27 , 28 ). The current study further demonstrates that glycometabolism dysregulation could be a cause of the altered fat metabolism.…”

α-Mangostin Alleviated Inflammation in Rats With Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis by Disrupting Adipocytes-Mediated Metabolism-Immune Feedback

“…Finally, the unicellular suspension was obtained, and cells within were collected after centrifugation at 1,500 rpm for 10 min, which were re-suspended in DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% FBS. The culture medium was replaced every other day, and the cells at exponential growth stage from the 3rd to 6th passages were taken as pre-adipocytes ( Zuo et al, 2021 ). Immediately after the sacrifice, PBS was intraperitoneally injected into the abdominal cavity.…”

Qing-Luo-Yin Alleviated Monocytes/Macrophages-Mediated Inflammation in Rats with Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis by Disrupting Their Interaction with (Pre)-Adipocytes Through PPAR-γ Signaling

“…Those with composite score above 0.6 were taken as reliable, and annotated by corresponding chemical names. 16 …”

“…The progress of AIA throughout the experimental duration was continuously evaluated by the arthritis score using a previously defined criterion. 15 , 16 Body weight changes were also periodically recorded. At the end of treatment, the animals were fasted overnight.…”