“…The first QD protocol was proposed in 2004 by Nguyen [32], which is a generalized version of the ping-pong protocol [33]. Since then, QD has undergone rapid development over the past two decades [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Several QSDC protocols have been proposed for more than two parties, as discussed in [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50].…”