Secure Combination of IoT and Blockchain by Physically Binding IoT Devices to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUFs

Arcenegui, Javier; Arjona, Rosario; Román, Roberto; Baturone, I.

doi:10.3390/s21093119

“…HSM can save the keys from X.509 standard and SAS token, which may be used for two attestation mechanisms supported by the provisioning service. The keys can be stored in software, but it is more vulnerable than an HSM [ 72 ].…”

Section: Iot-enabled Smart Device Authentication Architectures In Sma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently a Blockchain-enabled solution has been proposed that utilizes Blockchain tokenization for asset identification by binding the tokens to the physical properties of the chip. The authors integrate Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in [ 72 ] to represent assets by a unique identifier as a possession of an owner. The authors proposed a smart NFT that is physically bound to its IoT device.…”

Section: Authentication Schemes Based On Distributed Architectures In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis on Blockchain versus Centralized Authentication Architectures for IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Review, Recent Advances, and Future Research Directions

Khalil

¹

,

Malik

²

,

Uddin

³

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Smart devices have become an essential part of the architectures such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), and Internet of Everything (IoE). In contrast, these architectures constitute a system to realize the concept of smart cities and, ultimately, a smart planet. The adoption of these smart devices expands to different cyber-physical systems in smart city architecture, i.e., smart houses, smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart grid, smart agriculture, etc. The edge of the network connects these smart devices (sensors, aggregators, and actuators) that can operate in the physical environment and collects the data, which is further used to make an informed decision through actuation. Here, the security of these devices is immensely important, specifically from an authentication standpoint, as in the case of unauthenticated/malicious assets, the whole infrastructure would be at stake. We provide an updated review of authentication mechanisms by categorizing centralized and distributed architectures. We discuss the security issues regarding the authentication of these IoT-enabled smart devices. We evaluate and analyze the study of the proposed literature schemes that pose authentication challenges in terms of computational costs, communication overheads, and models applied to attain robustness. Hence, lightweight solutions in managing, maintaining, processing, and storing authentication data of IoT-enabled assets are an urgent need. From an integration perspective, cloud computing has provided strong support. In contrast, decentralized ledger technology, i.e., blockchain, light-weight cryptosystems, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based solutions, are the areas with much more to explore. Finally, we discuss the future research challenges, which will eventually help address the ambiguities for improvement.

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“…In the scope of this paper, we focus on the protocol proposed by Islam et al [2]. However, a similar problem seems to be present in other approaches, such as [3], because they work on the same principles. Figure 1 represents a simplified version of the protocol as a sequence diagram.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Trust Relationships in Blockchain Applications: The Case of Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip

Méré¹,

Jouault²,

Perdriau³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

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<p>Nowadays, System-on-Chip (SoC) components are found everywhere in all kinds of smart devices. Each System-on-Chip contains many different blocks that provide specific functionalities, such as WiFi or Bluetooth connectivity. Whereas integrating each such block in a SoC typically requires paying some royalties, not all blocks are necessary for all applications, or throughout a device’s lifecycle. Moreover, it is not possible to manufacture a specific SoC for each application. Significant advantages are therefore expected to be gained by enabling trustworthy remote SoC reconfiguration throughout their life cycles. A few approaches attempting to address this challenge have been proposed in the literature. They are typically based on Blockchain technology in order to support decentralization without relinquishing trust. Reviewing these approaches lead us to identify a potential flaw in the proposed protocols. Indeed, a SoC should be able to trust Blockchain information that it is given, without requiring any centralization. In order to validate our suspicions, we propose in this paper to use Verifpal: a cryptographic protocol verification tool that works from textual protocol models. We use it in a slightly unorthodox way in order to model the trust relationships in one of the approaches from the literature, and to verify it. The results show that, under some assumptions, a flaw is indeed present. We propose and model several possible fixes, and present their respective limitations. </p>

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“…In the scope of this paper, we focus on the protocol proposed by Islam et al [2]. However, a similar problem seems to be present in other approaches, such as [3], because they work on the same principles. Figure 1 • Alice is the SoC manufacturer.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature on approaches that offer these possibilities is, according to the authors' knowledge, still thin [1]. The proposed approaches use Blockchain technology to obtain security guarantees [2], [3]. Blockchain is a technology originally designed to offer a decentralized currency system capable to work without trusted third parties [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Trust Relationships in Blockchain Applications: The Case of Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip

Méré¹,

Jouault²,

Perdriau³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

<p>Nowadays, System-on-Chip (SoC) components are found everywhere in all kinds of smart devices. Each System-on-Chip contains many different blocks that provide specific functionalities, such as WiFi or Bluetooth connectivity. Whereas integrating each such block in a SoC typically requires paying some royalties, not all blocks are necessary for all applications, or throughout a device’s lifecycle. Moreover, it is not possible to manufacture a specific SoC for each application. Significant advantages are therefore expected to be gained by enabling trustworthy remote SoC reconfiguration throughout their life cycles. A few approaches attempting to address this challenge have been proposed in the literature. They are typically based on Blockchain technology in order to support decentralization without relinquishing trust. Reviewing these approaches lead us to identify a potential flaw in the proposed protocols. Indeed, a SoC should be able to trust Blockchain information that it is given, without requiring any centralization. In order to validate our suspicions, we propose in this paper to use Verifpal: a cryptographic protocol verification tool that works from textual protocol models. We use it in a slightly unorthodox way in order to model the trust relationships in one of the approaches from the literature, and to verify it. The results show that, under some assumptions, a flaw is indeed present. We propose and model several possible fixes, and present their respective limitations. </p>

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Secure Combination of IoT and Blockchain by Physically Binding IoT Devices to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUFs

Cited by 58 publications

References 27 publications

A Comparative Analysis on Blockchain versus Centralized Authentication Architectures for IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Review, Recent Advances, and Future Research Directions

A Comparative Analysis on Blockchain versus Centralized Authentication Architectures for IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Review, Recent Advances, and Future Research Directions

Modeling Trust Relationships in Blockchain Applications: The Case of Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip

Modeling Trust Relationships in Blockchain Applications: The Case of Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip

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