Secretory Phospholipase A2 in Dromedary Tears: a Host Defense Against Staphylococci and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacha, Abir Ben; Abid, Islem

doi:10.1007/s12010-013-0113-6

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Interestingly, in 2013 [ 26 ], authors from Saudi Arabia demonstrated that lysozyme purified from dromedary tears showed significant bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis , whereas the one purified from human tears was devoid of activity against these two strains.…”

Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic

Ferraboschi

Ciceri

Grisenti³

2021

Antibiotics

146

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Lysozyme is a ~14 kDa protein present in many mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, and mucus) and tissues of animals and plants, and plays an important role in the innate immunity, providing protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Three main different types of lysozymes are known: the c-type (chicken or conventional type), the g-type (goose type), and the i-type (invertebrate type). It has long been the subject of several applications due to its antimicrobial properties. The problem of antibiotic resistance has stimulated the search for new molecules or new applications of known compounds. The use of lysozyme as an alternative antibiotic is the subject of this review, which covers the results published over the past two decades. This review is focused on the applications of lysozyme in medicine, (the treatment of infectious diseases, wound healing, and anti-biofilm), veterinary, feed, food preservation, and crop protection. It is available from a wide range of sources, in addition to the well-known chicken egg white, and its synergism with other compounds, endowed with antimicrobial activity, are also summarized. An overview of the modified lysozyme applications is provided in the form of tables.

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Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic

Ferraboschi

Ciceri

Grisenti³

2021

Antibiotics

146

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“…Further, thus far, catalysis inhibitors, with the exception of BPB, also inhibit the catalysis-independent function of hGIIA [ 111 ]. hGIIA binds to several different proteins [ 63 ], so it will be important to learn more about the functional consequences of these interactions and to identify compounds that can selectively block pathological interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane coated with positively charged lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibiting hGIIA hydrolysis of the anionic plasma membrane [ 61 ]. Factors such as bactericidal/permeability increasing proteins (BPI) and lysozyme can disrupt the cell wall, allowing for hGIIA mediated lysis [ 62 , 63 ]. The presence of hGIIA in secretory glands and cells such as tear ducts, salivary glands, the prostate and seminal vesicles, Paneth cells, the lactating breast and gestational tissues also indicate that host defense is the primary physiological function of hGIIA [ 64 ].…”

Section: Hgiia Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Group IIA Phospholipase A2—Three Decades on from Its Discovery

et al. 2021

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Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes were first recognized as an enzyme activity class in 1961. The secreted (sPLA2) enzymes were the first of the five major classes of human PLA2s to be identified and now number nine catalytically-active structurally homologous proteins. The best-studied of these, group IIA sPLA2, has a clear role in the physiological response to infection and minor injury and acts as an amplifier of pathological inflammation. The enzyme has been a target for anti-inflammatory drug development in multiple disorders where chronic inflammation is a driver of pathology since its cloning in 1989. Despite intensive effort, no clinically approved medicines targeting the enzyme activity have yet been developed. This review catalogues the major discoveries in the human group IIA sPLA2 field, focusing on features of enzyme function that may explain this lack of success and discusses future research that may assist in realizing the potential benefit of targeting this enzyme. Functionally-selective inhibitors together with isoform-selective inhibitors are necessary to limit the apparent toxicity of previous drugs. There is also a need to define the relevance of the catalytic function of hGIIA to human inflammatory pathology relative to its recently-discovered catalysis-independent function.

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“…In humans, secreted PLA 2 group IIA can be found in tears and it is most likely to play a defensive role in eyes defense against gram-positive bacteria, but no response to gram-negative bacteria [ 59 ]. These molecules are also found in dromedary tears and showed activity against both gram positive and negative bacteria [ 60 ]. Thus, a PLA 2 isolated from Daboia Russelli venom was able to strongly inhibit gram negative bacteria and also showed activity against gram positive bacteria isolated from human [ 61 ] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acid subunit (also named crotapotin) is devoid of activity, acting as a stabilizer, and the basic subunit is catalytically active and toxic [ 52 ]. Despite its role in the snake venom, we hypothesize this PLA 2 is related to toad’s immune system, similarly to secreted PLA 2 in human [ 59 ] and dromedary tears [ 60 ], especially facing the probability of the toad infection by amoeba.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep sequencing analysis of toad Rhinella schneideri skin glands and partial biochemical characterization of its cutaneous secretion

Shibao

Cologna

Filho

et al. 2018

J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis

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BackgroundAnimal poisons and venoms are sources of biomolecules naturally selected. Rhinella schneideri toads are widespread in the whole Brazilian territory and they have poison glands and mucous gland. Recently, protein from toads’ secretion has gaining attention. Frog skin is widely known to present great number of host defense peptides and we hypothesize toads present them as well. In this study, we used a RNA-seq analysis from R. schneideri skin and biochemical tests with the gland secretion to unravel its protein molecules.MethodsTotal RNA from the toad skin was extracted using TRizol reagent, sequenced in duplicate using Illumina Hiseq2500 in paired end analysis. The raw reads were trimmed and de novo assembled using Trinity. The resulting sequences were submitted to functional annotation against non-redundant NCBI database and Database of Anuran Defense Peptide. Furthermore, we performed caseinolytic activity test to assess the presence of serine and metalloproteases in skin secretion and it was fractionated by fast liquid protein chromatography using a reverse-phase column. The fractions were partially sequenced by Edman’s degradation.ResultsWe were able to identify several classes of antimicrobial peptides, such as buforins, peroniins and brevinins, as well as PLA2, lectins and galectins, combining protein sequencing and RNA-seq analysis for the first time. In addition, we could isolate a PLA2 from the skin secretion and infer the presence of serine proteases in cutaneous secretion.ConclusionsWe identified novel toxins and proteins from R. schneideri mucous glands. Besides, this is a pioneer study that presented the in depth characterization of protein molecules richness from this toad secretion. The results obtained herein showed evidence of novel AMP and enzymes that need to be further explored.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40409-018-0173-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Secretory Phospholipase A2 in Dromedary Tears: a Host Defense Against Staphylococci and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic

Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic

Human Group IIA Phospholipase A2—Three Decades on from Its Discovery

Deep sequencing analysis of toad Rhinella schneideri skin glands and partial biochemical characterization of its cutaneous secretion

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