Secretory Events During Giardia Encystation

Rivero, Fernando; Müller, Dana; Luján, Hugo D.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12863-9_9

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…It is also well known as a ubiquitous parasite of a wide range of vertebrates from mammals to birds and amphibians. Giardia trophozoites produce energy by bacterial anaerobic pathways, lack of subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and have only rudimentary Golgi apparatus [ 1 , 2 ]. The exhibition of these prokaryotic features had led many to believe that Giardia represents the transitional form between prokaryotes and eukaryotes which developed eukaryotic features before mitochondrial symbiosis [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exhibition of these prokaryotic features had led many to believe that Giardia represents the transitional form between prokaryotes and eukaryotes which developed eukaryotic features before mitochondrial symbiosis [ 3 ]. Alongside with phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA, Giardia had been described in literature as ‘early branching eukaryotes’ and was commonly used as a model system to study the development of basic cellular processes and evolution of eukaryotes [ 2 ]. However, over the past decade, the advancement in phylogenetic studies has shown that the placement of Giardia near the base of ribosomal RNA tree was attributed to long-branch attraction caused by rapid evolution of the organisms [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population expansion and gene flow in Giardia duodenalis as revealed by triosephosphate isomerase gene

et al. 2015

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BackgroundGiardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite that can cause significant diarrhoeal diseases. Knowledge of population genetics is a prerequisite for ascertaining the invasion patterns of this parasite. In order to infer evolutionary patterns that could not be uncovered based on the morphological features, a population genetic study with the incorporation of molecular marker was carried out to access the genetic structure of G. duodenalis isolated from the Malaysian population and the global populations.MethodsA total of 154 samples positive for Giardia, collected from different Malaysian communities, were subjected to DNA amplification and sequencing targeting three genetic loci (tpi, gdh, and bg). The tpi sequences together with sequences from the global data obtained from the NCBI GenBank were used for genetic diversity analyses including identification of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, Tajima’s D and Fu and Li’s D, gene flow and genetic differentiation tests.ResultsAnalysis of the Malaysian and global data showed that assemblages A, B, and E (the most prevalent assemblages in humans and animals), have different levels of genetic diversity. Assemblage B had the highest level of both haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity, followed by assemblage E. The analysis also revealed population expansion and high gene flow in all assemblages. No clear genetic structure was observed across five continents (i.e., the Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa). However, median joining network of assemblage B formed a cluster that was exclusively isolated from Asia while other haplotypes were well dispersed across the continents.ConclusionsThis study provides new insight into the genetic diversity of Giardia assemblages in different geographical regions. The significant result shown by gene flow and genetic differentiation analyses as well as test of neutrality among the populations should have brought a clearer picture to the dynamics and distribution of Giardia infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population expansion and gene flow in Giardia duodenalis as revealed by triosephosphate isomerase gene

et al. 2015

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Cell Biology of the Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis

Benchimol

Gadelha

Souza

2022

Lifecycles of Pathogenic Protists in Humans

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Multiple paralogues of α-SNAP in Giardia lamblia exhibit independent subcellular localization and redistribution during encystation and stress

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe differently-diverged parasitic protist Giardia lamblia is known to have minimal machinery for vesicular transport. Yet, it has three paralogues of SNAP, a crucial component that together with NSF brings about disassembly of the cis-SNARE complex formed following vesicle fusion to target membranes. Given that most opisthokont hosts of this gut parasite express only one α-SNAP, this study was undertaken to determine whether these giardial SNAP proteins have undergone functional divergence.ResultsAll three SNAP paralogues are expressed in trophozoites, encysting trophozoites and cysts. Even though one of them clusters with γ-SNAP sequences in a phylogenetic tree, functional complementation analysis in yeast indicates that all the three proteins are functionally orthologous to α-SNAP. Localization studies showed a mostly non-overlapping distribution of these α-SNAPs in trophozoites, encysting cells and cysts. In addition, two of the paralogues exhibit substantial subcellular redistribution during encystation, which was also seen following exposure to oxidative stress. However, the expression of the three genes remained unchanged during this redistribution process. There is also a difference in the affinity of each of these α-SNAP paralogues for GlNSF.ConclusionsNone of the genes encoding the three α-SNAPs are pseudogenes and the encoded proteins are likely to discharge non-redundant functions in the different morphological states of G. lamblia. Based on the difference in the interaction of individual α-SNAPs with GlNSF and their non-overlapping pattern of subcellular redistribution during encystation and under stress conditions, it may be concluded that the three giardial α-SNAP paralogues have undergone functional divergence. Presence of one of the giardial α-SNAPs at the PDRs of flagella, where neither GlNSF nor any of the SNAREs localize, indicates that this α-SNAP discharges a SNARE-independent role in this gut pathogen.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3112-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Secretory Events During Giardia Encystation

Cited by 3 publications

References 116 publications

Population expansion and gene flow in Giardia duodenalis as revealed by triosephosphate isomerase gene

Population expansion and gene flow in Giardia duodenalis as revealed by triosephosphate isomerase gene

Cell Biology of the Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis

Multiple paralogues of α-SNAP in Giardia lamblia exhibit independent subcellular localization and redistribution during encystation and stress

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