Secondhand Smoke Exposure in the Nonsmoking Section: How Much Protection?

Bohac, D.; Hewett, Martha J.; Kapphahn, Kristopher; Novacheck, Joshua; Grimsrud, D.T.; Apte, Michael G.; Gundel, Lara A.

doi:10.1093/ntr/nts263

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…[2][3][4] Children living in multiunit housing have more exposure to secondhand smoke than those living in free-standing homes. 5 Furthermore, people living in multiunit housing have little control over their exposure to secondhand smoke since much of the air entering their apartments originates somewhere else in the building.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Smoke-Permitted and Smoke-Free Multiunit Housing: Findings From the Boston Housing Authority

Russo

Hulse

Adamkiewicz

et al. 2014

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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IntroductionThe Surgeon General reports that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke and that it can cause premature death and disease in nonsmokers.1 Previous research has demonstrated that levels of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in the air are three times higher in smoke-permitted homes than in smoke-free homes and that confining smoking to certain living spaces does not offer protection from AbstractIntroduction. Secondhand smoke remains a health concern for individuals living in multiunit housing, where smoke has been shown to easily transfer between units. Building-wide smoke-free policies are a logical step for minimizing smoke exposure in these settings. This evaluation sought to determine whether buildings with smoke-free policies have less secondhand smoke than similar buildings without such policies. Furthermore, this study assessed potential secondhand smoke transfer between apartments with and without resident smokers. Methods. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), airborne nicotine, and self-reported smoking activity were recorded in 15 households with resident smokers and 17 households where no one smoked in 5 Boston Housing Authority developments. Of these, 4 apartment pairs were adjacent apartments with and without resident smokers. Halls between apartments and outdoor air were also monitored to capture potential smoke transfer and to provide background PM 2.5 concentrations. Results. Households within buildings with smoke-free policies showed lower PM 2.5 concentrations compared to buildings without these policies (median: 4.8 vs 8.1 µg/m

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Smoke-Permitted and Smoke-Free Multiunit Housing: Findings From the Boston Housing Authority

Russo

Hulse

Adamkiewicz

et al. 2014

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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“…Concentrations in sidestream (SS) cigarette smoke (emitted by the smoldering cigarette) are much higher, ∼200–600 μg/cigarette (Table ). ,,− Because 3-EP has high specificity for tobacco smoke and is present in high concentrations in SS smoke, it has been widely used as an environmental tracer for secondhand smoke (SHS). ,− It is mainly in the gas (vapor) phase of tobacco smoke. , 3-EP has emission rates and distribution characteristics that are similar to VOCs in tobacco smoke that have other sources as well, and therefore it has been proposed as an environmental tracer for VOCs derived from tobacco smoke …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3-Ethenylpyridine Measured in Urine of Active and Passive Smokers: A Promising Biomarker and Toxicological Implications

Liu

Benowitz

Hatsukami

et al. 2021

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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In studies of tobacco toxicology, including comparisons of different tobacco products and exposure to secondhand or thirdhand smoke, exposure assessment using biomarkers is often useful. Some studies have indicated that most of the toxicity of tobacco smoke is due to gas-phase compounds. 3-Ethenylpyridine (3-EP) is a major nicotine pyrolysis product occurring in the gas phase of tobacco smoke. It has been used extensively as an environmental tracer for tobacco smoke. 3-EP would be expected to be a useful tobacco smoke biomarker as well, but nothing has been published about its metabolism and excretion in humans. In this Article we describe a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) GC-MS/MS method for determination of 3-EP in human urine and its application to the determination of 3-EP in the urine of smokers and people exposed to secondhand smoke. We conclude that 3-EP is a promising biomarker that could be useful in studies of tobacco smoke exposure and toxicology. We also point out the paucity of data on 3-EP toxicity and suggest that additional studies are needed.

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“…[7][8][9] PM2.5 concentrations have also been shown to be several times higher in smoking-permitted homes (SPH) compared to smoke-free homes (SFH). [10][11][12][13] Moreover, factors such as the presence and number of smokers living in the home, the number of smokers who smoke on a daily basis, number of cigarettes smoked, location of smoking inside the home (bedrooms, kitchen), types of tobacco products used, and household ventilation influence the concentration of indoor PM2.5. [13,14] However, the nature of association between PM2.5 and SHS is based on data collected from high-income countries (HICs) and little is known about the presence and magnitude of these associations in the rest of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking behaviours and indoor air quality: a comparative analysis of smoking-permitted versus smoke-free homes in Dhaka, Bangladesh

et al. 2020

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IntroductionExposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a health risk to non-smokers. Indoor particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with SHS exposure and is used as a proxy measure. However, PM2.5 is non-specific and influenced by a number of environmental factors, which are subject to geographical variation. The nature of association between SHS exposure and indoor PM2.5—studied primarily in high-income countries (HICs) context—may not be globally applicable. We set out to explore this association in a low/middle-income country setting, Dhaka, Bangladesh.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among households with at least one resident smoker. We inquired whether smoking was permitted inside the home (smoking-permitted homes, SPH) or not (smoke-free homes, SFH), and measured indoor PM2.5 concentrations using a low-cost instrument (Dylos DC1700) for at least 22 hours. We describe and compare SPH and SFH and use multiple linear regression to evaluate which variables are associated with PM2.5 level among all households.ResultsWe surveyed 1746 households between April and August 2018; 967 (55%) were SPH and 779 (45%) were SFH. The difference between PM2.5 values for SFH (median 27 µg/m3, IQR 25) and SPH (median 32 µg/m3, IQR 31) was 5 µg/m3 (p<0.001). Lead participant’s education level, being a non-smoker, having outdoor space and smoke-free rule at home and not using kerosene oil for cooking were significantly associated with lower PM2.5.ConclusionsWe found a small but significant difference between PM2.5 concentrations in SPH compared with SFH in Dhaka, Bangladesh—a value much lower than observed in HICs.

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Secondhand Smoke Exposure in the Nonsmoking Section: How Much Protection?

Abstract: Designated nonsmoking sections in establishments that allow some smoking resulted in a median PM2.5 reduction of 35% compared with a 94% reduction after a smoking ban. The only adequate protection from cigarette smoke exposure is to eliminate smoking in indoor spaces.

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Smoke-Permitted and Smoke-Free Multiunit Housing: Findings From the Boston Housing Authority

Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Smoke-Permitted and Smoke-Free Multiunit Housing: Findings From the Boston Housing Authority

3-Ethenylpyridine Measured in Urine of Active and Passive Smokers: A Promising Biomarker and Toxicological Implications

Smoking behaviours and indoor air quality: a comparative analysis of smoking-permitted versus smoke-free homes in Dhaka, Bangladesh

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