“…At the personal level, STS may lead to difficulty in enjoying life (Rainville, 2015), thought distortion (Mealer & Jones, 2013), use of drugs and alcohol (Duffy, Avalos, & Dowling, 2015), interpersonal conflicts (Mealer & Jones, 2013), and higher tendency to change career (Duffy et al, 2015). At the organizational level, STS may lead to poor performance (Rainville, 2015), job burnout, turnover, higher intention to change work area (Mealer & Jones, 2013), lower level of job satisfaction (Bride & Kintzle, 2011), and higher level of absenteeism and episodes of sick leave (Rainville, 2015). The aforementioned consequences of STS on health and well-being of ER nurses is alarming toward nurse's ability to provide quality of care (Gavrilovici, Gavrilescu, & Miron, 2013).…”