Education
TweetAs children, adolescents, and adults, girls and women face barriers in STEM fields for reasons related to school, peers, and family, but science offers solutions.
Key Points• • In childhood and adolescence, masculine stereotypes about STEM, parents' expectations of daughters, peer norms, and lack of fit with personal goals make girls move away from STEM fields. • • In emerging adulthood, feeling like a misfit in STEM classes, being vastly outnumbered by male peers, and lacking female role models make women avoid STEM majors or leave prematurely. • • In early to mid-adulthood, subtle gender bias in hiring and promotion, biased evaluation of scientific work, non-inclusive department climate, juggling workfamily responsibilities, and difficulty returning after a family-related pause undermine the retention of women in STEM. • • Evidence-based programs and policies can remove obstacles for girls and women in STEM.
IntroductionIn today's globalized world, scientific innovation is vital for American economic competitiveness, quality of life, and national security. Much of the future job growth in the United States will be in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and American businesses search globally for talent (National Academies, 2010). This raises concerns about Americans' preparedness for STEM jobs, given the small numbers of domestic students who enter these fields and the high attrition rate (often called the "leaky pipeline"). Women's untapped human capital could enhance the STEM workforce, given that they are 50% of the American population and more than 50% of its college-bound population (National Center for Education Statistics, 2013). The leaky pipeline starts early. From middle school through college, female students perform worse on some 549471B BSXXX10.1177/2372732214549471Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain SciencesDasgupta and Stout