Secondary sex characters in plants

Lloyd, David G.; Webb, C. J.

doi:10.1007/bf02860717

Cited by 764 publications

(693 citation statements)

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“…(Bell 1980;Delph 1999). It is widely assumed that females incur higher costs of reproduction owing to flowering and fruiting processes (Lloyd and Webb 1977;Obeso 2002;Vessella et al 2015). Consequently, this may lead to resource allocation trade-offs affecting female survival rates (Obeso 2002), growth (Iszkuło and Boratyński 2011;, clonal growth (Allen and Antos 1993) or other fitness-related traits, which in turn may give rise to sexrelated demographic patterns.…”

Section: Communicated By P Ingvarssonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ramet-level male-biased sex ratio is frequently reported among clonal species and is ascribed to more intensive clonal reproduction of males (Allen and Antos 1993;Matsushita and Tomaru 2012;Petzold et al 2013;Yakimowski and Barrett 2014). Male-biased sex ratios either at the ramet or genet level are commonly attributed also to higher mortality in females, which is linked to their higher resource demands (Lloyd and Webb 1977;Obeso 2002) leading to resource allocation trade-offs affecting survival rates (Allen and Antos 1993;Petzold et al 2013). None of these was monitored by us in field as the single-season study design precludes tracing the dynamics of the ramet production or mortality which requires long-term observation, especially in long-living tree species.…”

Section: Sex-specific Clonal Architecture and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex-specific pattern of spatial genetic structure in dioecious and clonal tree species, Populus alba L.

Dering

Rączka

Szmyt

2016

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) has profound ecological and genetic consequences for plant populations, and some studies indicate that clonal reproduction may significantly enhance SGS. Clonality is widespread among dioecious species, but little is known about the relationship between clonal reproduction and SGS in the frame of sexual dimorphism. We asked the following questions: (1) Is there a sexually dependent pattern of SGS in white poplar population? (2) What is the relationship between clonal reproduction and SGS? and (3) Does this relationship have a sex-specific component? Using 16 microsatellite markers, genetic structure including fine-scale SGS and clonality of females and males of white poplar were investigated. Significant SGS was noted for both sexes at the ramet and genet levels. At the genet level, males had 2.7-fold higher SGS than that of females. Clonality significantly contributed to SGS only in females. A sibship structure revealed with pedigree analysis and clustering-based methods among males was likely the major factor of the observed SGS. The sexes differed in their clonal growth strategies. Spatial positioning of ramets in female clones suggested foraging behavior and/or avoidance of competition, while for male clones it indicated more expansion and space colonization. The obtained results led us to conclude that sexual dimorphism in life history traits may affect the course and rate of demo-genetic processes acting in natural populations of dioecious species. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a sex-specific pattern of SGS in natural populations of dioecious species.

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Section: Communicated By P Ingvarssonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sex-specific Clonal Architecture and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific pattern of spatial genetic structure in dioecious and clonal tree species, Populus alba L.

Dering

Rączka

Szmyt

2016

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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“…The work of Lloyd and Webb (1977) and Bell (1980) predicts that when the two sexes invest similarly in reproduction, no differences in life-history traits should occur. Therefore, the similar costs of reproduction found between the two sexes in our study species can explain the lack of differences in reproduction frequency observed among the five study years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex ratio and spatial distribution of male and female Antennaria dioica (Asteraceae) plants

Varga

Kytöviita

2011

Acta Oecologica

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Sex ratio, sex spatial distribution and sexual dimorphism in reproduction and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation were investigated in the dioecious clonal plant Antennaria dioica (Asteraceae). Plants were monitored for five consecutive years in six study plots in Oulanka, northern Finland. Sex ratio, spatial distribution of sexes, flowering frequency, number of floral shoots and the number and weight of inflorescences were recorded. In addition, intensity of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots was assessed. Both sexes flowered each year with a similar frequency, but the overall genet sex ratio was strongly female-biased. The bivariate Ripley's analysis of the sex distribution showed that within most plots sexes were randomly distributed except for one plot. Sexual dimorphism was expressed as larger floral and inflorescence production and heavier inflorescences in males. In addition, the roots of both sexes were colonised to a similar extent by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The female sex-biased flowering ratios reported are not consistent among years and cannot be explained in terms of spatial segregation of the sexes or sex lability. The possible reasons for the female-biased sex ratio are discussed.

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“…Esta analogia pode ser feita para inflorescências de T. guianensis que foram consideradas como as unidades de atração na espécie. Inflorescências masculinas maiores e com maior número de flores parecem ser a regra entre plantas dióicas (Bawa & Opler 1975, Lloyd & Webb 1977, Beach 1981, Bullock et al 1983, Armstrong & Irvine 1989a. Esse fenômeno aumenta o "display" floral masculino, melhorando a atração de visitantes (Bawa & Opler 1975, Anderson & Symon 1989.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Em espécies dióicas, plantas masculinas produzem maior número de flores por inflorescência ou por indivíduo (Lloyd & Webb 1977, Opler & Bawa 1978, Bawa 1980b. Tal dimorfismo sexual é interpretado como uma das conseqüências da seleção sexual, que aumenta o "display" sexual de indivíduos masculinos e promove maior dispersão de pólen (Bawa & Opler 1975, Bawa 1980b, Willson 1994.…”

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Biologia reprodutiva de Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae), uma espécie dióica em mata de galeria do Triângulo Mineiro, Brasil

Lenza¹,

Oliveira²

2005

Rev. bras. Bot.

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-(Reproductive biology of Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae), a dioecious species, in a gallery forest of Triângulo Mineiro, Brazil). The reproductive biology of a Tapirira guianensis population was studied in Uberlândia, MG. Between September 1997 and April 2000 the phenology was observed for 17 individuals. Floral biology studies involved floral morphology and rewards, anthesis and flower longevity, inflorescence length and number of flowers, flower visitors and pollinators and breeding system. Tapirira guianensis presented massive annual flowering with quick and well synchronized blooming peaks of both male and female individuals. Flowers of both sexes are small (ca. 3mm across) and inconspicuous. Male inflorescences are larger (Mann-Whitney, U = 1769,5; p < 0,001) and bear more flowers (Mann-Whitney, U = 3; p < 0,001) than the female ones. Male flower offer pollen and nectar while female flowers produce only nectar to flower visitors, all insects (41 species), mainly small social bees and flies. Flower opening occurred both during the day and night for flowers of both sexes and female flowers presented greater longevity. Fruit production and maturation after cross pollination (23,5% and 12,1% respectively) were much larger than from apomixis experiments (1,3% and 0,45% respectively) (χ 2 0,05,1 = 561,4; p < 0,001 for fruit production; χ 2 0,05,1 = 283,8; p < 0,001 for fruit maturation). Synchronous flower opening, greater floral display of male inflorescences and greater longevity of female flowers of T. guianensis probably increased pollination and consequently fruit production and maturation. Low fruit production from apomixis shows the vital role of pollination agents to the reproduction of T. guianensis, a species of widespread distribution and ecological importance.Key words -Anacardiaceae, breeding systems, dioecy, phenology, pollination RESUMO -(Biologia reprodutiva de Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae), uma espécie dióica, em mata de galeria do Triângulo Mineiro, Brasil). Foi estudada a biologia reprodutiva de uma população de Tapirira guianensis em Uberlândia, MG. Entre setembro de 1997 e abril de 2000 foi caracterizado o comportamento fenológico reprodutivo de 17 indivíduos da população. Nas análises da biologia floral foram determinados a morfologia e os recursos florais, o período de abertura e de duração das flores, o comprimento e o número de flores por inflorescências, os visitantes florais e o sistema reprodutivo. Tapirira guianensis apresentou floração anual e massiva com picos de floração rápidos e altamente sincrônicos entre os dois sexos. As flores dos dois sexos são pequenas (ca. 3 mm de diâmetro) e inconspícuas. As inflorescências masculinas são maiores (Mann-Whitney, U = 1769,5; p < 0,001) e produzem mais flores (Mann-Whitney, U = 3; p < 0,001) que as femininas. As flores masculinas oferecem pólen e néctar e as femininas apenas néctar aos visitantes florais, todos insetos (41 espécies), principalmente pequenas abelhas sociais e moscas. A antese foi tanto diurna q...

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Secondary sex characters in plants

Cited by 764 publications

References 55 publications

Sex-specific pattern of spatial genetic structure in dioecious and clonal tree species, Populus alba L.

Sex-specific pattern of spatial genetic structure in dioecious and clonal tree species, Populus alba L.

Sex ratio and spatial distribution of male and female Antennaria dioica (Asteraceae) plants

Biologia reprodutiva de Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae), uma espécie dióica em mata de galeria do Triângulo Mineiro, Brasil

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