“…A number of mathematical assessments both local and international have included mathematical tasks that measure various strands of mathematical proficiency due to their usefulness in leveraging students' mathematics learning (Kepner & Huinker, 2012, p. 28 as cited in Groves, 2012). Many studies have designed and administered mathematics proficiency tests to students assessing only three strands, namely, procedural fluency, conceptual understanding, and strategic competence (e.g., Khairani & Nordin, 2011;Groves, 2012;Usman, 2020) as these have been identified in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) as the main strands in developing students' procedural knowledge, conceptual knowledge and problemsolving skills -mathematical abilities students needed to be mathematically proficient (Al-Mutawah et al, 2019). Thus, the present study focused only on the three strands.…”