Secondary reinforcement and multiple drive reduction.

Wike, Edward L.; Barrientos, Guido A.

doi:10.1037/h0047699

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…In one experiment (Wike and Barrientos, 1958) rats were fed wet /ash after they had run down a short alley. On some days the rats had been deprived of both food and water, and were fed in one distinctive end-box; on other days the rats were deprived only of food, and were fed in a second end-box.…”

Section: Effect Of Level Of Deprivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

Kelleher

Gollub

1962

J Exper Analysis Behavior

374

324

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This review critically analyzes experimental data relevant to the concept of conditioned reinforcement. The review has five sections. Section I is a discussion of the relationship between primary and conditioned reinforcement in terms of chains of stimuli and responses. Section II is a detailed analysis of the conditions in which the component stimuli in chained schedules of reinforcement will become conditioned reinforcers; this section also analyzes studies of token reinforcement, observing responses, switching responses, implicit chained schedules, and higher-order conditioning. Section III analyzes experiments in which potential conditioned reinforcers are used either to prolong responding or to generate responding during experimental extinction. This section discusses hypotheses that have been offered as alternatives to the concept of conditioned reinforcement and hypotheses concerning the necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing a conditioned reinforcer. Section IV discusses other variables that act when a conditioned reinforcer is being established or that act when an established conditioned reinforcer is used to develop or maintain behavior. Section V is a general discussion of conditioned reinforcement. The evidence indicates that the conditioned reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus is directly related to the frequency of primary reinforcement occurring in its presence, but is independent of the response rate or response pattern occurring in its presence. Results from chained schedules comprised of several components indicate that a stimulus can be established as a conditioned reinforcer by pairing it with an already established conditioned reinforcer rather than a primary reinforcer; however, this type of higher-order conditioning has not been clearly demonstrated with respondent conditioning procedures. Although discriminative stimuli are usually conditioned reinforcers, the available evidence indicates that establishing a stimulus as a discriminative stimulus is not necessary or sufficient for establishing it as a conditioned reinforcer. Discriminative stimuli in chained schedules with several components are not always conditioned reinforcers; stimuli that are simply paired with reinforcers can become conditioned reinforcers. The hypotheses that have been offered as alternatives to the concept of conditioned reinforcement are too limited to integrate the data that exist. The concepts of conditioned reinforcement and chained schedule, however, can be used to integrate the data obtained with diverse techniques. Recent experiments have revealed several techniques for the development of effective conditioned reinforcers. These techniques provide a powerful tool for advancing understanding of conditioned reinforcement and for extending control over behavior.

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Section: Effect Of Level Of Deprivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

Kelleher

Gollub

1962

J Exper Analysis Behavior

374

324

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“…Only a few studies (e.g., Porter & Miller, 1957;Wike & Barrientos, 1958;Wike & McNamara, 1955) have investigated the properties of a GCR, and these have been concerned primarily with the role that different drive conditions might have in the 1 The experiment reported here was submitted as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree at the Johns Hopkins University. The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Stewart H. Hulse who acted as faculty advisor to this dissertation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Strength of a generalized conditioned reinforcer as a function of variability of reward.

Wunderlich¹

1961

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Several longstanding empirical results support this view. First of all, in early conditioning experiments it was observed that a cue that is associated either simultaneously or successively with multiple assets -such as food and water -has greater value that an equivalent cue associated with only a single asset (or drive) [53]. Finally, a preference for compromise decisions is also apparent from studies of so-called "decoy" effects in multi-attribute, multi-alternative choices.…”

Section: Box 2: Goal Equilibrium Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Where does value come from?

Juechems¹,

Summerfield²

2019

Preprint

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The computational framework of reinforcement learning (RL) has allowed us to both understand biological brains and build successful artificial agents. However, in this article we highlight open challenges for RL as a model of animal behaviour in natural environments. We ask how the external reward function is designed for biological systems, and how we can account for the context sensitivity of valuation. We argue that rather than optimizing receipt of external reward signals, animals track current and desired internal states and seek to minimise the distance to goal across multiple value dimensions. Our framework can readily account for canonical phenomena observed in the fields of psychology, behavioural ecology, and economics, and recent findings from brain imaging studies of value-guided decision-making.

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Secondary reinforcement and multiple drive reduction.

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

Strength of a generalized conditioned reinforcer as a function of variability of reward.

Where does value come from?

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Secondary reinforcement and multiple drive reduction.

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT1

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT1

Strength of a generalized conditioned reinforcer as a function of variability of reward.

Where does value come from?

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A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹