Secondary Middle Distillates and Their Processing (Review)

Preliminary Assessment of a Strategy for Processing Oil Sands Bitumen to Reduce Carbon Footprint

“…34 LCO contains also 100−1000 wppm nonbasic nitrogen 34−36 and 5−15 wt % olefins. 35 High aromatics and olefins in LCO lead to accelerated catalyst deactivation through coke formation during hydroprocessing. Thus, LCO is generally blended with the straight-run diesel fraction to ease the catalyst poisoning effect.…”

“…Thus, LCO is generally blended with the straight-run diesel fraction to ease the catalyst poisoning effect. 35 Additionally, during simultaneous HDS, HDN (hydrodenitrogenation), and HDA (hydrodearomatization) reactions, their performances improve with increased temperature. However, at 360 °C and beyond, HDA reverses its trend by increasing the PAH concentration in the product.…”

“…Prior to 2007 when the ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD, containing a maximum of 15 ppm or 0.0015 wt % S and a minimum of 40 cetane number or a maximum aromatic level of 35%) was not mandated for on-road use, LCO comprised about 15% of the total US distillate pool . After 2007, due to the inferior quality of LCO, with its high sulfur content (0.2–2.5 wt % , ) and low cetane values (15–25 , compared to 40–60 for the straight-run distillates produced from the same crude), LCO has been eliminated from being directly blended into the on-road diesel pool. Alternatively, LCO can be used as a blend component for low-grade fuels such as home heating oil and industrial fuel oil or as a cutter stock (to reduce viscosity) for heavy fuel oils.…”

Description of the stability of residual marine fuel using ternary phase diagrams and SARA analysis

“…The stability of these colloidal fuel systems is determined by the external molecular structure of asphaltenes, namely, the size of the solvate shell. The solvate shell is a structural and mechanical barrier that prevents the coagulation of asphaltenes [5][6][7].…”

CoNiMo/Al2O3 sulfide catalysts for dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization: Effect of the addition of small amounts of nickel

“…New more efficient hydrodesulfurization processes can be obtained through the implementation of new HDS technologies [8,9] or through new catalytic systems using either 4 new supports [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] or new active phases [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], the latter approach being the most promising way to enhance the catalytic HDS efficiency [28]. Traditionally, bimetallic HDS catalysts are composed of Mo(W)S2-based solids suported on Al2O3 and promoted by cobalt or nickel.…”