Secondary electron generation mechanisms in carbon allotropes at low impact electron energies

Bellissimo, Alessandra; Pierantozzi, Gian Marco; Ruocco, Alessandro; Stefani, Giovanni; Ridzel, Olga; Astašauskas, Vytautas; Werner, Wolfgang; Taborelli, M.

doi:10.1016/j.elspec.2019.07.004

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Because of a low electron inelastic mean free path (<1 nm) in this energy range, low-energy SEY is particularly sensitive to the outermost composition of the surface. For Cu and other metal surfaces [20,83,84] as well as for carbon-based materials [85,86] these aspects were previously discussed. Further detailed studies focusing on the description of these features are the topic of forthcoming research.…”

Section: B Secondary-electron Yieldmentioning

confidence: 97%

Energy-resolved secondary-electron emission of candidate beam screen materials for electron cloud mitigation at the Large Hadron Collider

Schulte

Hartung

Himmerlich

et al. 2020

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

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Energy-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy has been performed on air-exposed standard Cu samples and modified Cu surfaces that are tested and possibly applied to efficiently suppress electron cloud formation in the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The Cu samples comprise pristine oxygen-free, carbon-coated and laser-structured surfaces, which were characterized prior to and after electron irradiation and rare-gas ion bombardment. Secondary-electron and reflected-electron yields measured with low charge dose of the samples exhibit a universal dependence on the energy of the primary impinging electrons. State-of-the-art models can successfully be used to describe the spectroscopic data. The supplied spectral dependence of electron emission and integrated electron yield as well as the derived parametrization can serve as a basis for forthcoming simulations of electron cloud formation and multipacting.

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Section: B Secondary-electron Yieldmentioning

confidence: 97%

Energy-resolved secondary-electron emission of candidate beam screen materials for electron cloud mitigation at the Large Hadron Collider

Schulte

Hartung

Himmerlich

et al. 2020

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

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“…Therefore, the SE is sensitive to the morphology and composition of the sample surface, so microscopic characteristics can be reflected by the SE. [ 69,70 ] Figure 10 shows microimages of three sandstones with different grain sizes measured by SEM. The pores and throats are smaller and less obvious in the denser sandstone.…”

Section: Pore Structure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Tang

Hou

et al. 2020

Energy Tech

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Rapidly rising emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere lead to the greenhouse effect and accelerate the exacerbation of the global climate. [1] Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO 2), ozone (O 3), nitric oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4), hydrogen fluoride, the chlorine carbide class (CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs), and perfluorinated carbide (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6). The concentration of CO 2 is the highest in the atmosphere among greenhouse gases, and it significantly dominates global warming. [2] The process of the greenhouse effect and the impact of greenhouse gases on global warming are shown in Figure 1. Carbon is one of the most important elements of earth's structure and living things. It widely exists in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere and circulates continuously with the movement of the Earth. CO 2 plays an important role in the cycle. Green plants absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere, and CO 2 is converted into organic matter and oxygen is also released through photosynthesis with the participation of water, as shown in Figure 2. [3,4] Before the industrial revolution, the carbon cycle has been kept in balance for millions of years. After the industrial revolution, human beings began to utilize fossil fuels to obtain energy. The balance of nature is thus destroyed, leading to climate anomalies (e.g., global warming) due to the increased concentration of CO 2 caused by the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial activities. Therefore, reducing emissions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases is essential for protecting the natural environment. [5,6] At present, carbon emissions can be reduced by decreasing energy consumption, improving energy utilization efficiency, replacing fossil fuels with clean energy (e.g., solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and hydrogen energy), and carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, it is still hard for most of the clean energy to completely replace fossil fuels in the near future because of safety, technology availability, and economical efficiency. [7] CCS is an important technological means to reduce carbon emission. [8,9] However, CCS requires high costs and may cause leakage of carbon because the captured carbon is usually sequestrated in saline aquifers, coal seams, depleted reservoirs, etc. [10-12] Therefore, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) has been acknowledged as a promising technology to achieve efficient reduction of carbon and also generate economic benefits, which is more practical and economical. [13] CO 2 is an important material for industry and has been applied in many fields, as shown in Figure 3. [14,15] In the food industry, CO 2 is used in the production of carbonized beverages, food preservation, and industrial processing as a refrigerant and protective gas. It can also be applied to synthesize chemicals, drugs, polymers, such as degradable plastics, etc. High-purity

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“…From this perspective there is a clear difference between DPE and two-electron emission via particle impact (for electron impact, the process is usually referred to as (e,2e)), even though in both DPE and (e,2e) two electrons are released at the same time from the sample into vacuum. A series of studies have been conducted to unveil the various mechanisms involved in (e,2e) and the physics underlying them (for instance [8][9][10][11][12][28][29][30][31] ). We discuss below prominant examples in the reflection mode (i.e., when all electrons are detected on one side of the film or surface).…”

Section: Two-electron Emission Following the Charged-particle Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These complications can be remedied by conducting the experiments at somewhat lower energies and in the reflection mode. [8][9][10][11][12][13] In this case, further processes set in, however, that can be exploited to gain qualitatively new information. At low energies the two released electrons cannot be considered independent anymore due to charge-and current-density interactions as well as due to exchange, meaning that the scattering process cannot not be captured by an effective single-particle problem.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Momentum–Space Two‐Particle Correlations at Surfaces

Schumann

Kirschner

Berakdar

2020

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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Photoelectron and electron energy loss spectroscopies have been highly instrumental in revealing the various facets of electronic properties of materials. For a direct insight into two‐particle correlations, a technique is needed that resolves two emitted electrons in coincidence. Herein, an overview on the experimental realization of correlation spectroscopy and the interpretation of the recorded spectra from theory is provided. The relation of the measured spectra to the details of the spin‐, energy‐ and wavevector‐resolved electron–electron interactions is focused upon. To disentangle the contributions of exchange from the charge‐density correlation, positrons instead of electrons are used as projectiles. The short intrinsic time of the Auger decay and the neutralization of ions near a surface are used to estimate the characteristic timescale for the correlated electron dynamics in metals to be 40–400 attoseconds. The potential of conducting double photoemission studies with pulsed laser‐based light sources is addressed.

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Secondary electron generation mechanisms in carbon allotropes at low impact electron energies

Cited by 24 publications

References 75 publications

Energy-resolved secondary-electron emission of candidate beam screen materials for electron cloud mitigation at the Large Hadron Collider

Energy-resolved secondary-electron emission of candidate beam screen materials for electron cloud mitigation at the Large Hadron Collider

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Imaging Momentum–Space Two‐Particle Correlations at Surfaces

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Secondary electron generation mechanisms in carbon allotropes at low impact electron energies

Cited by 24 publications

References 75 publications

Energy-resolved secondary-electron emission of candidate beam screen materials for electron cloud mitigation at the Large Hadron Collider

Energy-resolved secondary-electron emission of candidate beam screen materials for electron cloud mitigation at the Large Hadron Collider

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO2 Flooding in Porous Media

Imaging Momentum–Space Two‐Particle Correlations at Surfaces

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Product

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Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media