Secondary bacterial infections complicating skin lesions

Brook, Itzhak

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-51-10-808

Cited by 101 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide spectrum of human diseases, including skin and soft-tissue infections and infectious endocarditis (17), as well as septicemia with abscess formation in diverse organ tissues (6). Human morbidity and mortality caused by this pathogen are compounded by the propensity of staphylococci to acquire genes conferring resistance to all antimicrobial therapies (5,33).…”

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confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus IsdB Is a Hemoglobin Receptor Required for Heme Iron Utilization

et al. 2006

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The pathogenesis of human infections caused by the gram-positive microbe Staphylococcus aureus has been previously shown to be reliant on the acquisition of iron from host hemoproteins. The iron-regulated surface determinant system (Isd) encodes a heme transport apparatus containing three cell wall-anchored proteins (IsdA, IsdB, and IsdH) that are exposed on the staphylococcal surface and hence have the potential to interact with human hemoproteins. Here we report that S. aureus can utilize the host hemoproteins hemoglobin and myoglobin, but not hemopexin, as iron sources for bacterial growth. We demonstrate that staphylococci capture hemoglobin on the bacterial surface via IsdB and that inactivation of isdB, but not isdA or isdH, significantly decreases hemoglobin binding to the staphylococcal cell wall and impairs the ability of S. aureus to utilize hemoglobin as an iron source. Stable-isotope-tracking experiments revealed removal of heme iron from hemoglobin and transport of this compound into staphylococci. Importantly, mutants lacking isdB, but not isdH, display a reduction in virulence in a murine model of abscess formation. Thus, IsdB-mediated scavenging of iron from hemoglobin represents an important virulence strategy for S. aureus replication in host tissues and for the establishment of persistent staphylococcal infections.

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Staphylococcus aureus IsdB Is a Hemoglobin Receptor Required for Heme Iron Utilization

et al. 2006

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“…It is generally thought that D. nodosus plays a primary role and that F. necrophorum plays a secondary role in lesion development (61,62) and are thought to progress disease severity through relationships with other pathogens (63,64). This study included a large number of farms in order to investigate CODD lesions from a large geographical area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

Sullivan¹,

Clegg²,

Angell

et al. 2015

J Clin Microbiol

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Digital dermatitis (DD) is an infectious lameness commonly found in dairy cattle worldwide, and it is known as bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) or papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD). The disease was first reported in 1980 in the United States (1) and in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom (2). BDD has also been confirmed in beef cattle (3, 4), and over the last 30 years, the disease has been recognized as an important cause of bovine lameness (5).Lameness in cattle and sheep has serious animal welfare and economic implications (6-9). The effects of lameness in cattle include a decrease in milk yield (9, 10) and fertility (8, 11-13) and an increase in rate of culling (12,14). This has been found to be particularly true for cattle suffering from BDD (8, 15, 16) with a recent study of the cost of lameness in the United States estimating that on average, BDD costs $133 per case (17).BDD is now a worldwide problem, and controlling BDD on dairy operations has proven difficult. Moreover, in the last 20 years, sheep in the United Kingdom have been identified with a form of DD termed contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD), which is rapidly emerging as a severe infectious foot disease since it was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1997 (18-20). Now, CODD has spread into the Republic of Ireland (20), and it was recently reported in dairy goats in the United Kingdom (21), indicating further cross-species transmission. The contagious nature of DD is also evident by the reports of a manifestation of the disease in a wildlife host, North American elk (Cervus elaphus) from Washington State (22). The reports of DD in previously unaffected species, including U.S. wildlife, suggests a much greater global threat of the disease than previously considered.BDD in cattle manifests in several forms, but most frequently as an ulcerative lesion of the digital skin located immediately above the coronary band between the heel bulbs which results in severe lameness (23). The clinical features of CODD in sheep are slightly different, mainly because the initial lesion site on the sheep foot is different. CODD lesions commence at the coronary band and then run under the hoof horn capsule dorsally and abaxially (24). CODD frequently presents a particularly severe outcome where the whole horn capsule can be lost (18,(25)(26)(27). As a result of the severity of the lesions, sheep can be extremely lame, impacting the welfare of the affected sheep (28). This is concurrent with the lesion pathology identified in elk, described as erosive lesions on

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“…Untreated scabies is often associated with pyoderma from secondary infection with group A streptococcus and S. aureus (19) (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Secondary Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems in Diagnosing Scabies, a Global Disease in Human and Animal Populations

2007

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SUMMARY Scabies is a worldwide disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries, related primarily to poverty and overcrowding. In remote Aboriginal communities in northern Australia, prevalences of up to 50% among children have been described, despite the availability of effective chemotherapy. Sarcoptic mange is also an important veterinary disease engendering significant morbidity and mortality in wild, domestic, and farmed animals. Scabies is caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing into the host epidermis. Clinical symptoms include intensely itchy lesions that often are a precursor to secondary bacterial pyoderma, septicemia, and, in humans, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Although diagnosed scabies cases can be successfully treated, the rash of the primary infestation takes 4 to 6 weeks to develop, and thus, transmission to others often occurs prior to therapy. In humans, the symptoms of scabies infestations can mimic other dermatological skin diseases, and traditional tests to diagnose scabies are less than 50% accurate. To aid early identification of disease and thus treatment, a simple, cheap, sensitive, and specific test for routine diagnosis of active scabies is essential. Recent developments leading to the expression and purification of S. scabiei recombinant antigens have identified a number of molecules with diagnostic potential, and current studies include the investigation and assessment of the accuracy of these recombinant proteins in identifying antibodies in individuals with active scabies and in differentiating those with past exposure. Early identification of disease will enable selective treatment of those affected, reduce transmission and the requirement for mass treatment, limit the potential for escalating mite resistance, and provide another means of controlling scabies in populations in areas of endemicity.

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Secondary bacterial infections complicating skin lesions

Cited by 101 publications

References 22 publications

Staphylococcus aureus IsdB Is a Hemoglobin Receptor Required for Heme Iron Utilization

Staphylococcus aureus IsdB Is a Hemoglobin Receptor Required for Heme Iron Utilization

High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

Problems in Diagnosing Scabies, a Global Disease in Human and Animal Populations

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