Second primary tumors in patients with retinoblastoma a review of the literature

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this survey was to review the different studies regarding the occurrence of second primary tumors (s PT) among survivors of retinoblastoma. Methods: Ovid (Medline, Current contents life, Psychlit, Embase) was searched for the years 1966 -1995 using the mesh headings: 'retinoblastoma', 'second primary neoplasms', and 'multiple primary neoplasms'. The inclusion criteria were: the study should involve 50 patients or more and should not be limited to one specific SPT. A checklist with criteria regarding the study design and the results was applied to each study. Results: Eleven studies were identified which met the inclusion criteria. Thirtyfive different types of S P T (Ntotal=z43) were reported. Most of them were osteosarcomas (37.0%), followed by melanomas (7.4%), soft-tissue sarcomas (6.9%), brain tumors (4.5%), fibrosarcomas (3.3%), chondrosarcomas (3.3%), and sarcomas (3.3%). Less frequently reported were leukemias (2.4%), sebaceous cell carcinomas (1.6%), and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (1.6). Pineoblastoma, which in fact is a trilateral retinoblastoma and not an S P T , was found in 2.4%. Despite the differences, all 11 studies showed a higher incidence of S P T compared to the general population. Only 4 studies were judged to be free from selection bias, reporting a cumulative incidence of S P T of 8.4% 18 years after diagnosis, 15.7% at the age of 20 years, 19% at the age of 35 years, and a relative risk of 15.4 for s P T, respectively. Conclusion: s P T is a serious problem for the survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma and its importance shoud be recognized in (genetic) counseling of patients.

Risk of Subsequent Bone Cancers Among 69 460 Five-Year Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in Europe

“…Survivors of retinoblastoma, bone sarcoma, and STS were observed to have the greatest risks of a bone SPNs, with risks of 135, 78, and 47 times that expected, respectively; these results are consistent with previous reports (6,13,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). The large increased risk observed in retinoblastoma survivors likely corresponds to the fact that heritable retinoblastoma survivors develop bone SPNs, particularly osteosarcomas, at substantially greater frequencies than the general population due to a genetic predisposition (13,28,30), in addition to the increased risk resulting from radiotherapy and chemotherapy experienced by both heritable and nonheritable survivors.…”

Risk of Subsequent Bone Cancers Among 69 460 Five-Year Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in Europe

“…Survivors of retinoblastoma, bone sarcoma, and STS were observed to have the greatest risks of a bone SPNs, with risks of 135, 78, and 47 times that expected, respectively; these results are consistent with previous reports (6,13,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). The large increased risk observed in retinoblastoma survivors likely corresponds to the fact that heritable retinoblastoma survivors develop bone SPNs, particularly osteosarcomas, at substantially greater frequencies than the general population due to a genetic predisposition (13,28,30), in addition to the increased risk resulting from radiotherapy and chemotherapy experienced by both heritable and nonheritable survivors.…”

Phenotypic variability of retinocytomas: preregression and postregression growth patterns

“…The incidence of second malignant neoplasms in RB1 gene mutation carriers with retinocytoma is unknown, but well documented 23. In this series, only one patient, an RB1 gene mutation carrier, developed a non-ocular neoplasm, a canalicular breast carcinoma.…”

The prognosis of osteosarcoma occurring as second malignancy of childhood cancers may be favorable: experience of two cancer centers in Japan

“…Genetic and environmental factors (radiotherapy and chemotherapy) have been reported as risk factors of osteosarcoma occurring as second malignancy of childhood cancers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The patients in our study also possessed these risk factors, but statistical analysis of risk factors could not be performed because the diagnosis of first childhood cancer varied, various treatments were performed, and the numbers of patients were limited.…”

Risk of Subsequent Bone Cancers Among 69 460 Five-Year Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in Europe

“…Survivors of retinoblastoma, bone sarcoma, and STS were observed to have the greatest risks of a bone SPNs, with risks of 135, 78, and 47 times that expected, respectively; these results are consistent with previous reports (6,13,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). The large increased risk observed in retinoblastoma survivors likely corresponds to the fact that heritable retinoblastoma survivors develop bone SPNs, particularly osteosarcomas, at substantially greater frequencies than the general population due to a genetic predisposition (13,28,30), in addition to the increased risk resulting from radiotherapy and chemotherapy experienced by both heritable and nonheritable survivors.…”

Phenotypic variability of retinocytomas: preregression and postregression growth patterns

“…The incidence of second malignant neoplasms in RB1 gene mutation carriers with retinocytoma is unknown, but well documented 23. In this series, only one patient, an RB1 gene mutation carrier, developed a non-ocular neoplasm, a canalicular breast carcinoma.…”

The prognosis of osteosarcoma occurring as second malignancy of childhood cancers may be favorable: experience of two cancer centers in Japan

“…Genetic and environmental factors (radiotherapy and chemotherapy) have been reported as risk factors of osteosarcoma occurring as second malignancy of childhood cancers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The patients in our study also possessed these risk factors, but statistical analysis of risk factors could not be performed because the diagnosis of first childhood cancer varied, various treatments were performed, and the numbers of patients were limited.…”

Risk of Subsequent Bone Cancers Among 69 460 Five-Year Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in Europe

“…Survivors of retinoblastoma, bone sarcoma, and STS were observed to have the greatest risks of a bone SPNs, with risks of 135, 78, and 47 times that expected, respectively; these results are consistent with previous reports (6,13,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). The large increased risk observed in retinoblastoma survivors likely corresponds to the fact that heritable retinoblastoma survivors develop bone SPNs, particularly osteosarcomas, at substantially greater frequencies than the general population due to a genetic predisposition (13,28,30), in addition to the increased risk resulting from radiotherapy and chemotherapy experienced by both heritable and nonheritable survivors.…”

Phenotypic variability of retinocytomas: preregression and postregression growth patterns

“…The incidence of second malignant neoplasms in RB1 gene mutation carriers with retinocytoma is unknown, but well documented 23. In this series, only one patient, an RB1 gene mutation carrier, developed a non-ocular neoplasm, a canalicular breast carcinoma.…”

The prognosis of osteosarcoma occurring as second malignancy of childhood cancers may be favorable: experience of two cancer centers in Japan

“…Genetic and environmental factors (radiotherapy and chemotherapy) have been reported as risk factors of osteosarcoma occurring as second malignancy of childhood cancers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The patients in our study also possessed these risk factors, but statistical analysis of risk factors could not be performed because the diagnosis of first childhood cancer varied, various treatments were performed, and the numbers of patients were limited.…”