Second-Order Schedules

Keenan, Michael

doi:10.1007/bf03394959

Psychol Rec

1986

DOI: 10.1007/bf03394959

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Second-Order Schedules

Michael Keenan¹

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1991

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Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Under a second-order schedule, re-289 1991, 56, 289-302 NUMBER 2 (SEPrEMBER) sponding maintained by one schedule of reinforcement (the component or unit schedule) is treated as a unitary response that is reinforced according to another schedule of reinforcement. A brief stimulus presented at the completion of each component engenders response patterns within components similar to those seen with simple schedules of reinforcement (e.g., Gollub, 1977;Keenan, 1986;Kelleher, 1966aKelleher, , 1966bMarr, 1969;Stubbs, 1971). For example, Kelleher (1966b) maintained key pecking of pigeons by delivering food after the completion of 15 fixed-interval (FI) 4-min schedules.…”

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confidence: 99%

EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE ON RESPONDING UNDER SECOND‐ORDER SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT WITH PAIRED AND NONPAIRED BRIEF STIMULI

Cohen

1991

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Three pigeons were studied under a multiple schedule in which pecks in each component were reinforced according to a variable-interval 120-s second-order schedule with fixed-interval 60-s units. In the first component of the multiple schedule, the completion of a fixed interval produced either food or a 4-s change in key color plus houselight illumination. In the second component an identical schedule was in effect, but the stimulus was a 0.3-s change in key color. Both long and short brief stimuli were not paired with food presentations in Conditions 1 and 3 and were paired with food in Condition 2. There were no consistent differences in response patterns under paired and nonpaired brief-stimulus conditions when the stimulus was a 4-s change in key color accompanied by houselight illumination. However, pairing the 0.3-s key-color change with food presentations resulted in higher indices of curvature and lower response rates in the early segments of the fixed interval than when the stimulus was not paired with food presentations. Low doses of d-amphetamine (0.3 and 1 mg/ kg) produced small and inconsistent increases in overall response rates, and higher doses (3 and 10 mg/kg) decreased overall response rates. d-Amphetamine altered response patterns within fixed intervals by decreasing the indices of curvature and increasing response rates in the early segments of the fixed interval. Response rates and patterns under paired and nonpaired brief-stimulus conditions were not differentially affected by d-amphetamine. Thus, evidence for the enhancement of the conditioned reinforcement effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs was not found with the second-order schedules used in the present study.

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confidence: 99%

EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE ON RESPONDING UNDER SECOND‐ORDER SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT WITH PAIRED AND NONPAIRED BRIEF STIMULI

Cohen

1991

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…In the analysis of this performance a variety of techniques of have been employed. These can be grouped together according to whether they involved simple parametric investigations of the interreinforcer interval, manipulation of the single response contingency, disruption of responding during the interreinforcer interval by the presentation of other stimuli, or the replacement of occasional reinforcer presentations by other stimuli (for extended discussions of these and other related procedures see Davey, 1987;Keenan, 1986;Lowe & Wearden, 1981;Richelle & Lejeune, 1980;Staddon, 1983;Zeiler, 1977).…”

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Periodic Response-Reinforcer Contiguity: Temporal Control but not as We Know It!

Keenan¹

1999

Psychol Rec

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Two experiments using rats show the effects of introducing response-reinforcer contiguity on a modified recycling conjunctive fixed-time 30 s fixed-ratio 1 schedule of food reinforcement. In Experiment 1, the frequency of programmed contiguity was varied across conditions. The general finding was an increase in overall rate of responding for all rats when the incidence of obtained cont iguity was relatively high . This increase in responding was accompanied by unusual response patterns for some rats. These patterns persisted when the rats were subsequently exposed to a fixed-interval schedule. Other rats produced fixed-interval-like performance when the incidence of obtained contiguity increased. Similar findings were observed in Experiment 2 where a more direct comparison was made between the modified recycling conjunctive schedule and the fixed-interval schedule . Results in general emphasize the importance of the modified recycling conjunctive schedule as a tool for exploring behavioral adaptation to periodic reinforcement. The history effects reported in both experiments are discussed with reference to the notion of schedule-induced behavior and temporal control.

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Periodic Reinforcement and Second-Order Schedules

Keenan¹,

Toal²

1991

Psychol Rec

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Second-Order Schedules

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE ON RESPONDING UNDER SECOND‐ORDER SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT WITH PAIRED AND NONPAIRED BRIEF STIMULI

EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE ON RESPONDING UNDER SECOND‐ORDER SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT WITH PAIRED AND NONPAIRED BRIEF STIMULI

Periodic Response-Reinforcer Contiguity: Temporal Control but not as We Know It!

Periodic Reinforcement and Second-Order Schedules

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