Second-order nonlinear optical measurements in guest-host and side-chain polymers

Hayden, L. Michael; Sauter, G. F.; Ore, F.; Pasillas, Peg L.; Hoover, J M; Lindsay, Geoffrey A.; Henry, Ronald A.

doi:10.1063/1.346815

Cited by 136 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…3 [16]. Following the calculation of d 33 (0) usually reported in literature [17] the error has been estimated at 10%.…”

Section: Corona Poling and Second Harmonic Generation Set-upsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where F p is a geometrical factor, t ω and T 2ω are the transmission Fresnel coefficients for the fundamental and second harmonic beam of light, respectively, p is a form factor, I ω is the intensity of the fundamental beam, n ω and n 2ω the refractive indices at the fundamental and at the second harmonic frequencies, d eff is an effective SHG coefficient which can be written as [16]: d eff = d 33 sin 2 φ ω sinφ 2ω + d 31 cos 2 φ ω sinφ 2ω + 2d 15 sin φ ω cos φ ω cos φ 2ω ; with φ the refraction angle and Ψ(φ) a function given by:…”

Section: Corona Poling and Second Harmonic Generation Set-upsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Second harmonic generation in SiO2 sol–gel films functionalized with Ethyl-[4-(4-nitro-phenylazo)-phenyl]-(2-oxiranylmethoxy-ethyl)-amine (ENPMA) molecules

Franco

Brusatin

Guglielmi

et al. 2010

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…3 [16]. Following the calculation of d 33 (0) usually reported in literature [17] the error has been estimated at 10%.…”

Section: Corona Poling and Second Harmonic Generation Set-upsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Corona Poling and Second Harmonic Generation Set-upsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second harmonic generation in SiO2 sol–gel films functionalized with Ethyl-[4-(4-nitro-phenylazo)-phenyl]-(2-oxiranylmethoxy-ethyl)-amine (ENPMA) molecules

Franco

Brusatin

Guglielmi

et al. 2010

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…Polymers doped with such chromophores have been shown to possess high EO coefficients [37]. Most of the molecules with large first hyperpolarizability also have a strong permanent dipole moment and an ensemble of such molecules with random distribution will have no macroscopic second-order NLO effects.…”

Section: The Photorefractive Effect In Polymers 201mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photorefractive Polymers

Chellapan

Joseph

Ramachandran

2011

Handbook of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials

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When perturbed with electromagnetic radiation of appropriate wavelength and intensity, photorefractive (PR) systems alter their local refractive index properties. To achieve PR properties, photoconductivity and electro-optical response are required. This chapter describes the physics and chemistry of PR systems to stimuli such as electric field and light. Various processes such as photogeneration of charge carriers, charge transport, electro-optic (EO) effect, and grating formation are described in the introductory sections. Material requirements, experimental techniques, and types of PR systems are discussed in the context of the recent progress in PR polymers and their applications.The PR effect is observed in materials showing both photoconductivity and an electric-field-dependent refractive index. The first observation of PR effect in a polymer system was made in the EO polymer bisphenol-A-diglycidylether 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine doped with the charge-transporting molecule diethylamino-benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone [1]. PR media can be used to store a replica of the incident nonuniform intensity pattern as a refractive index modulation. Illumination with uniform intensity distribution of appropriate wavelength will erase any grating that has already been written inside the material, making them suitable for reversible and real-time holography. Many applications such as multiplexed data storage [2], holographic filters [3], neural networks [4], and updatable 3D display [5] have been demonstrated on a laboratory scale, but commercial products are not yet available mainly because of the strict requirements on material quality and the complexity of the optics required to implement these systems. Early searches for better materials had been concentrated on inorganic crystals, but after the invention of polymer PR materials, significant research efforts have directed to this class of materials as well due to the ease of processability, which is an advantage over inorganic crystals. Diffraction efficiency approaching 100% and two-beam coupling (TBC) gain coefficient of >400 cm −1 have been achieved in PR polymers. The gain coefficients in hybrid systems combining liquid crystals or low-molecular-weight glass-forming materials and polymers have Handbook of Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Edited by Marek W. Urban

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“…32 Figure 7 shows the relation between the SHG intensity and the incident angle. The second-harmonic coefficient (d 33 ) of polymer llc could be calculated from the angular dependence of the SHG intensity using the formulae of Hayden in comparison with a Y-cut quartz as a reference (d 11 = 0.5 pm v-1 ) signal. 33 From the calculation, we obtained a d 33 value of 60 pm v-1 for polymer llc.…”

Section: Nonlinear Optical Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second-harmonic coefficient (d 33 ) of polymer llc could be calculated from the angular dependence of the SHG intensity using the formulae of Hayden in comparison with a Y-cut quartz as a reference (d 11 = 0.5 pm v-1 ) signal. 33 From the calculation, we obtained a d 33 value of 60 pm v-1 for polymer llc. It should be pointed out that the second-order susceptibility was resonance enhanced because of the absorption tail at the second harmonic wavelength (532 nm).…”

Section: Nonlinear Optical Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Main-Chain Polymers with Nonlinear Optical Chromophores as a Slipped Shoulder-to-Shoulder Arrangement

Zhang

Wada

Wang

et al. 1997

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:New second-order nonlinear optical main-chain polymers have been synthesized in very high yields by a two-stage Knoevenagel polycondensation from 3,6-diformyl-9-heptylcarbazole and bis(cyanoacetate)s. In these main-chain polymers, two kinds of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, carbazole with two acceptor groups and 4'-nitrophenylazoaniline, were introduced in a slipped shoulder-to-shoulder arrangament. All polymers were determined to be amorphous and to have glass transition temperatures in the range of 134-l 58°C by a differential scanning calorimeter. The chloroform soluble main-chain polymers show very high weight and number average molecular weights measured by a gel permeation chromatography. Thin films of the polymers could be obtained by a spin coating method. The orientation of dipoles could be achieved by applying an electric field. These poled films show good reasonable and stable second-order nonlinear optical responses.KEY WORDS Main-Chain Polymer/ Slipped Shoulder-to-Shoulder/ High Density of Nonlinear Optical Chromophores / Multifunctional Materials / Two-Stage Knoevenagel Polycondensation / Second Harmonic Generation / Recently, organic nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers have attracted considerable interest due to their potential applications in integrated electro-optic devices. 1 Several molecular design strategies have been developed for the synthesis of NLO polymers, such as guest host systems (NLO chromophores doped in host matrix), 2 -4 sidechain systems (NLO chromophores attached as a side chain), 5 -9 and main-chain systems (NLO chromophores incorporated as a part of main chain). 10 -1 5 The secondorder NLO responses of these polymer systems could be achieved after the alignment of dipole chromophores by applying an electric field. It is well known that the value of the second-order nonlinearity is mainly dependent on three factors: molecular hyperpolarisability (/3) of a chromophore, density of a chromophore and the degree of electric field-induced alignment. Generally, polymers with a high percentage of NLO chromophores have a large macroscopic second-order NLO response. In order to reach a maximum concentration of NLO chromophores, NLO moieties with suitable arrangements should be linked with a small spacer to polymeric main chain or side chain. 13 • 16 Recently, we developed a new synthetic approach to polymers with high densities of NLO chromophores. 1 7 In this approach, the NLO chromophores are incorporated into a polymeric main chain and two kinds of chromophores are introduced in a slipped shoulder-toshoulder arrangement (as shown in Figure I). This style might be a suitable arrangement for providing a new approach to the design and synthesis of new mainchain polymers with high densities of NLO chromophores. The polar alignment of NLO chromophores should be easier to be achieved by applying an electric field than in the structures where their dipole moments are pointing along the polymeric main chain. In this paper, we report the synthesis and nonlinear optical t To wh...

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Second-order nonlinear optical measurements in guest-host and side-chain polymers

Cited by 136 publications

References 19 publications

Second harmonic generation in SiO2 sol–gel films functionalized with Ethyl-[4-(4-nitro-phenylazo)-phenyl]-(2-oxiranylmethoxy-ethyl)-amine (ENPMA) molecules

Second harmonic generation in SiO2 sol–gel films functionalized with Ethyl-[4-(4-nitro-phenylazo)-phenyl]-(2-oxiranylmethoxy-ethyl)-amine (ENPMA) molecules

Photorefractive Polymers

Main-Chain Polymers with Nonlinear Optical Chromophores as a Slipped Shoulder-to-Shoulder Arrangement

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