Second life battery energy storage system for residential demand response service

Abstract

The integration of renewable energies and the usage of battery energy storage systems (BESS) into the residential buildings opens the possibility for minimizing the electricity bill for the end-user. This paper proposes the use of batteries that have already been aged while powering electric vehicles, during their main first life application, for providing residential demand response service. The paper considers the decayed characteristics of these batteries and optimizes the rating of such a second life battery energy storage system (SLBESS) for maximizing the economic benefits of the user's energy consumption during a period of one year. Furthermore, simulations were performed considering real data of PV generation, consumption, prices taken from the Spanish market and costs of battery and photovoltaic systems.

Sustainability Assessment of Second Use Applications of Automotive Batteries: Ageing of Li-Ion Battery Cells in Automotive and Grid-Scale Applications

“…LCA was also conducted to provide an environmental impact of the project-developed prototype lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells not only during the manufacturing process, but also during their use in an EV and later during second life and final recycling processes. Two second use applications were considered: (a) a low-demand one [9], with low C-rates and low DoD cycles: a Spanish residential household, which was composed of residential loads, a roof-mounted photovoltaic (PV) system, and a second life battery energy storage system (ESS); and (b) a high-demand application, especially in terms of C-rate, DoD, and number of cycles per year: a second life battery ESS to mitigate the power variability of a grid-scale PV plant [10]. An EU-funded Horizon2020 (H2020) project, aiming at enabling the integration of distributed small/medium size storage solutions into the energy system and their commercial use by combining second use batteries with a local ICT-based energy management system.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies

“…Their strategy was tested for a PV plant in Spain. A similar approach determined the SLBESS rating for maximized profit in the demand-response service in residential applications [93]. Koch-Ciobotaru et al also used data from the energy market in Spain to develop their optimal SLBESS rating [94].…”

“…As SLB application came into consideration for preventing usable resources ending up into FIGURE 25. SLBESS sizing strategy [93]. The ratings are optimized for the use-case of interest, and the modeling as well as algorithm selection were done with that specific application in mind.…”

“…The residential opportunities of SLB are presented in Table 12. The schematic diagram of residential application SLBESS according to [93], is represented in Fig. 34.…”

Optimization of residential battery energy storage system scheduling for cost and emissions reductions

“…In [24] the economic benefits of operating a residential battery storage system connected to PVs under TOU rates with net metering are investigated, a simple model is used for operation of the storage system in charges during the lowest price period and discharges during the highest price period. Optimal size and scheduling is determined in [26] for a PV and battery storage system operating under dynamic pricing which uses second life batteries from electric vehicles.…”