Second-Hand Infant Care Plastic Products Sold in Markets of Kalar City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: Heavy Metals Contamination and Risk Assessment

Abstract

Environmental contamination is increasingly becoming a matter of a great g lobal issue (Oke 2004). Contamination of commercial products and foodstuff with toxic elements is now a vital factor concerning human health (Kakimov et al. 2013; Stef and Gergen 2012). Plastic toys are objects that very often used by children and infants for play ing and enjoyment. Toys and other infant care products are necessary factors during the progression of the infant's life (Landrigan et al. 2004). Therefore the exposure to a number of toxic elements and heavy metals presented in in fants are possibly greater through the mouthing of toys and non-food products (Landrigan and Gold man 2011). Many infant and childcare products may contain various harmfu l co mponents such as toxic elements and heavy metals in their co mpositions (Becker et al. 2010). Hence the main potential source of exposure and transfer of dangerous chemicals and toxic elements to infants is through their toys (Decharat 2017; Earls et al. 2003). Despite the fact, the heavy metals are naturally existing in soil and rocks (Marcovecchio et al. 2007). To xic elements like heavy metals are considered as the most detrimental contaminants regarding their nonbiodegradable behavior (Kopp et al. 2018). They tend to accumulate in b iological systems like the human body (Kim et al. 2015). Heavy metals present in the environ ment may involve essential and to xic heavy metals (Issa and Alshatteri 2018; Mah mood et al. 2012). The essential metals are Co,

Estimation of Some Metals in Children’s Colorful Modeling Clay Sold in the Markets of Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

“…The detected metals ranges for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Ni in six samples were (not detectable (ND)-0.10 mg/kg), (ND-71.12 mg/kg), (0.127-17.3 mg/kg), and (0.004-2.15 mg/kg) respectively. The detected contents of whole analyzed metals were lower than the world permissible limits while Cr contents were exceeded the permissible limit in most of the analysed samples (Issa and Alshatteri, 2019). However, few studies are available and have been recently examined for the assessment of heavy metals in colorful baby clay.…”

“…Even with the deserve attention and regulation of heavy metal contamination in children's toys, recent studies declared that more precaution is required through the production of children's toys and to limit the importing and handling of such child products into the markets. (Al-Qutob et al, 2014, Guney and Zagury, 2012, Ismail et al, 2017, Issa and Alshatteri, 2019. Varying concentrations of Cd and Pb and other toxic elements were recorded in several unbranded Indian soft plastic toys (Kumar and Pastore, 2007), 20 toys and children's jewellery bought on the North American market (Guney and Zagury, 2013), thirty different soft plastic toys collected from the Ghanaian markets (Kudjoe Gati et al, 2014), and over 100 of the collected vintage plastic toys (Miller and Harris, 2015).…”

“…Varying concentrations of Cd and Pb and other toxic elements were recorded in several unbranded Indian soft plastic toys (Kumar and Pastore, 2007), 20 toys and children's jewellery bought on the North American market (Guney and Zagury, 2013), thirty different soft plastic toys collected from the Ghanaian markets (Kudjoe Gati et al, 2014), and over 100 of the collected vintage plastic toys (Miller and Harris, 2015). These toxic metals were recently detected in several PVC and non-PVC plastic toys (Oyeyiola et al, 2017) 200 second-hand plastic toys sourced in the UK (Turner, 2018), and different toy samples in Poznań city (Poland) (Karaś and Frankowski, 2018) and six infant care plastic products sold in markets of Kalar City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq (Issa and Alshatteri, 2019). The Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) mentioned that the average ingested daily intake toy materials are still appropriate as follows; 400 mg/d for liquid or sticky toy material, 100 mg/d for dry, brittle, powder-like or pliable toy material, and 8 mg/d for scraped-off toy material (EC, SCHER.…”

Environmental Sustainability Perception in Industry: A Prospective Eco-Innovation Strategy Implementation in an Electrical Motor Manufacturing Plant

“…Implementing cleaner production and environmental sustainability tactics is crucial in manufacturing facilities [3]. These facilities are typically linked to substantial environmental effects, such as greenhouse gas emissions, resource depletion, and the production of hazardous waste [4,5]. Electrical motor manufacturers can reduce their environmental impact, enhance operational efficiency, and increase cost-effectiveness by adopting cleaner production techniques [6].…”

The Iraqi Petroleum Refining Industry: A Review of Environmental Impact Assessment

“…Gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced in enormous quantities as a consequence [12]. Refining processes are consuming and discharging vast quantities of water and wastewater, respectively [13]. Cooling Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions, and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s).…”