Second Eastern United States Record of &lt;i&gt;Viola epipsila&lt;/i&gt; Ledeb. subsp. &lt;i&gt;repens&lt;/i&gt; W.Becker (Violaceae)

Ballard, Harvey E.

doi:10.3998/glbot.3692

Cited by 2 publications

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References 2 publications

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“…Subspecies and varieties are included only in the cases that they are mentioned in the synonymy. For synonyms, instead of including all names ever published for Viola, most of which have been out of use for a long time, we included those names cited in the updated literature covering the distribution range of Viola, i.e., Africa [308], Australia [226], central Asia [79,309,310], eastern Asia [61,74,78,311], Europe [22,73,[312][313][314], North America [291,315], and South America [68,80,316]. The original list downloaded from POWO comprised 761 entries; the edited list, including many new species which we individually confirm as distinct and requiring publication, comprises 1792 entries, 664 of which we accept as species.…”

Section: Species Checklistmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae)

Marcussen

Ballard

Danihelka

et al. 2022

Plants

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The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola, an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker’s classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium, a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium, sect. Himalayum, sect. Melvio, sect. Nematocaulon, sect. Spathulidium, sect. Xanthidium), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae, subsect. Bulbosae, subsect. Clausenianae, subsect. Cleistogamae, subsect. Dispares, subsect. Formosanae, subsect. Pseudorupestres). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus.

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