Seaweed and Seaweed-Based Functional Metabolites as Potential Modulators of Growth, Immune and Antioxidant Responses, and Gut Microbiota in Fish

Abstract

Seaweed, also known as macroalgae, represents a vast resource that can be categorized into three taxonomic groups: Rhodophyta (red), Chlorophyta (green), and Phaeophyceae (brown). They are a good source of essential nutrients such as proteins, minerals, vitamins, and omega-3 fatty acids. Seaweed also contains a wide range of functional metabolites, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, and pigments. This study comprehensively discusses seaweed and seaweed-derived metabolites and their potential as a functional feed ingredient in aquafeed for aquaculture production. Past research has discussed the nutritional role of seaweed in promoting the growth performance of fish, but their effects on immune response and gut health in fish have received considerably less attention in the published literature. Existing research, however, has demonstrated that dietary seaweed and seaweed-based metabolite supplementation positively impact the antioxidant status, disease resistance, and stress response in fish. Additionally, seaweed supplementation can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria, thereby improving gut health and nutrient absorption in fish. Nevertheless, an important balance remains between dietary seaweed inclusion level and the resultant metabolic alteration in fish. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the associated importance of continued research endeavors regarding seaweed and seaweed-based functional metabolites as potential modulators of growth, immune and antioxidant response, and gut microbiota composition in fish.

Effect of soybean and seaweed-based diets on growth performance, feed utilization, and gut microbiota of tilapia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Additionally, certain seaweed compounds, like polysaccharides may promote gut health, enhancing overall digestion and nutrient absorption [ 82 , 83 ]. However, the specific impact can vary depending on the type and amount of seaweed, as well as the fish species involved [ 15 , 84 ]. For instance, several studies have demonstrated that the green seaweed Ulva spp , when included at levels of up to 5%, can enhance the growth performance of certain carnivorous fish [ 85 , 86 ], and omnivorous fish like tilapia of up to 20% of inclusion [ 87 ].…”

Design of Seaweed Liquid Waste Processing Installation in the Alkali Treatment Process as Recycled Water Based on Physics and Chemistry

“…Indonesia's role and strategic position in the global seaweed arena is very vital. Along with the increase in basic demand for seaweed-based colloids and various other derivative products that are concerned with the issue of back to nature (Khan et al, 2024;Shukla et al, 2021;Siddik et al, 2023). Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has the potential for 26 million hectares of marine and coastal fishery areas.…”

Evaluation of Alternative Sources of Proteins and Other Nutrients with Potential Applications in Fish Nutrition

“…Insects, particularly black soldier fly larvae and mealworms, have been recognized for their high protein content and efficiency in converting low-value organic waste into high-quality protein. This not only addresses the need for sustainable protein sources but also contributes to waste reduction [16][17][18]. Single-cell proteins, encompassing yeast, algae, and bacterial proteins, represent another innovative avenue.…”