Seawater splitting for hydrogen evolution by robust electrocatalysts from secondary M (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo) incorporated Pt

Zheng, Jingjing; Zhao, Yuanyuan; Xi, He; Li, Changhai

doi:10.1039/c7ra12112a

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…Corrosion due to Cland related Cloxidation products such as Cl2 can be a concern for electrode stability. While chloride oxidation products are primarily a concern for the anode, gas crossover is possible, 85 and in the presence of Cl2, increasing long-term stability [86][87][88][89] . PtMo (ref.…”

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Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

et al. 2020

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Powered by renewable energy sources such as solar, marine, geothermal and wind, generation of storable hydrogen fuel through water electrolysis provides a promising path towards energy sustainability. However, state-of-the-art electrolysis requires support from associated processes such as desalination of water sources, further purification of desalinated water, and transportation of water, which often contribute financial and energy costs. One strategy to avoid these operations is to develop electrolysers that are capable of operating with impure water feeds directly. Here we review recent developments in electrode materials/catalysts for water electrolysis using low-grade and saline water, a significantly more abundant resource worldwide compared to potable water. We address the associated challenges in design of electrolysers, and discuss future potential approaches that may yield highly active and selective materials for water electrolysis in the presence of common impurities such as metal ions, chloride and bio-organisms. Freshwater is likely to become a scarce resource for many communities, with more than 80% of the world's population exposed to high risk levels of water security 1. This has been recognized within the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) on Clean Water and Sanitation 2. At the same time, low-grade and saline water is a largely abundant resource which, used properly, can address SDG 7 on Affordable and Clean Energy as well as SDG 13 on Climate Action. Hydrogen, a storable fuel, can be generated through water electrolysis and it may provide headway towards combating climate change and reaching zero emissions 3 , since the cycle of generation, consumption and regeneration of hydrogen can achieve carbon neutrality. In addition to providing a suitable energy store, hydrogen can be easily distributed and used in industry, households and transport. Hydrogen, and the related fuel cell industry, has the potential to bring positive economic and social impacts to local communities in terms of energy efficiency and job markets; globally the hydrogen market is expected to grow 33% to US$155 billion in 2022 4. However, there are remaining challenges related to the minimization of the cost and integration of hydrogen into daily life, as well as meeting the ultimate hydrogen cost targets of

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“…PtMo (ref. 89 ) and PtRuMo (ref. 86 ) alloys on Ti mesh have shown excellent performance in real seawater with <10% loss of their original current density after 172 hours of operation.…”

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Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

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“…The large overpotential penalty required to sustain OER continues to be a severe bottleneck, impeding sustainability. In this direction, newer earth‐abundant catalytic materials and precursors that can replace expensive Ir and Ru‐based electrocatalysts, without compromising the performance, are in growing demand . Toward this direction, employing a thermally labile cobalt organophosphate polymer reported by us, Ahn and Tilley have earlier demonstrated a stable electrocatalyst with low onset overpotential and moderate overpotential over a range of neutral and alkaline pH .…”

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Compositional Control as the Key for Achieving Highly Efficient OER Electrocatalysis with Cobalt Phosphates Decorated Nanocarbon Florets

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Compositional interplay of two different cobalt phosphates (Co(H2PO4)2; Co‐DP and Co(PO3)2; Co‐MP) loaded on morphologically engineered high surface area nanocarbon leads to an increased electrocatalytic efficiency for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in near neutral conditions. This is reflected as significant reduction in the onset overpotential (301 mV) and enhanced current density (30 mA cm−2 @ 577 mV). In order to achieve uniform surface loading, organic‐soluble thermolabile cobalt‐bis(di‐tert‐butylphosphate) is synthesized in situ inside the nanocarbon matrix and subsequently pyrolyzed at 150 °C to produce Co(H2PO4)2/Co(PO3)2 (80:20 wt%). Annealing this sample at 200 or 250 °C results in the redistribution of the two phosphate systems to 55:45 or 20:80 (wt%), respectively. Detailed electrochemical measurements clearly establish that the 55:45 (wt%) sample prepared at 200 °C performs the best as a catalyst, owing to a relay mechanism that enhances the kinetics of the 4e− transfer OER process, which is substantiated by micro‐Raman spectroscopic studies. It is also unraveled that the engineered nanocarbon support simultaneously enhances the interfacial charge‐transfer pathway, resulting in the reduction of onset overpotential, compared to earlier investigated cobalt phosphate systems.

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“…For example, Ti mesh supported PtMo, [ 95 ] and PtRuMo [ 94 ] alloys have exhibited high activity in seawater with <10% loss of their original current after operating for 172 h. The enhanced corrosion resistance of these reported alloys is ascribed to the competitive dissolution reaction between the guest M (e.g., Mo, and Ru) species to Pt with Cl 2 in seawater. [ 95 ] Additionally, the introduced Mo, which has inherent corrosion resistance, is another reason these alloys show excellent stability for seawater splitting. [ 94 ] Also, the presence of non‐innocent ions and bacteria/microbes in seawater often cause poisoning at the electrodes/catalysts, thus limiting the long‐term stability of anodes.…”

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Advanced Electrocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability via Water and Nitrogen Reactions

et al. 2020

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Clean and efficient energy storage and conversion via sustainable water and nitrogen reactions have attracted substantial attention to address the energy and environmental issues due to the overwhelming use of fossil fuels. These electrochemical reactions are crucial for desirable clean energy technologies, including advanced water electrolyzers, hydrogen fuel cells, and ammonia electrosynthesis and utilization. Their sluggish reaction kinetics lead to inefficient energy conversion. Innovative electrocatalysis, i.e., catalysis at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte to facilitate charge transfer and mass transport, plays a vital role in boosting energy conversion efficiency and providing sufficient performance and durability for these energy technologies. Herein, a comprehensive review on recent progress, achievements, and remaining challenges for these electrocatalysis processes related to water (i.e., oxygen evolution reaction, OER, and oxygen reduction reaction, ORR) and nitrogen (i.e., nitrogen reduction reaction, NRR, for ammonia synthesis and ammonia oxidation reaction, AOR, for energy utilization) is provided. Catalysts, electrolytes, and interfaces between the two within electrodes for these electrocatalysis processes are discussed. The primary emphasis is device performance of OER‐related proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, ORR‐related PEM fuel cells, NRR‐driven ammonia electrosynthesis from water and nitrogen, and AOR‐related direct ammonia fuel cells.

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Seawater splitting for hydrogen evolution by robust electrocatalysts from secondary M (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo) incorporated Pt

Abstract: Water splitting is a promising technique for clean hydrogen energy harvesting.

Cited by 48 publications

References 44 publications

Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

Compositional Control as the Key for Achieving Highly Efficient OER Electrocatalysis with Cobalt Phosphates Decorated Nanocarbon Florets

Advanced Electrocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability via Water and Nitrogen Reactions

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