“…However, more knowledge on the interaction processes between the two is still necessary for effective management of water resources (Keery, Binley, Crook, & Smith, ). A great many methods have been used to estimate the magnitude and/or direction of surface water–groundwater exchanges, including pressure gradient measurements (Anderson, Wondzell, Gooseff, & Haggerty, ; Qu et al, ), temperature profile measurements (Hatch, Fisherm, Revenaugh, Constantz, & Ruehl, ; Irvine, Lautz, Briggs, Gordon, & Mckenzie, ), numerical simulation models (Kalbus, Reinstorf, & Schimer, ; Y. Li, Yuan, Lin, & Teo, ; Sterte, Johansson, Sjöberg, Karlsen, & Laudon, ), geochemical tracers (Jin et al, ; J. Li, Li, & Liu, ; Zarnetske et al, ), and a combination of two or more methods (McCallum, Andersen, Rau, Larsen, & Acworth, ). However, all of these approaches suffer from limitations associated with their spatial and temporal scales and underlying assumptions (Cremeans, Devlin, McKnight, & Bjerg, ; Hatch et al, ).…”