Seawater Effect on Fatigue Behaviour of Notched Carbon/Epoxy Laminates

Branco, R.; Reis, P.N.B.; Neto, Maria Augusta; Costa, J.D.; Amaro, Ana M.

doi:10.3390/app112411939

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Fatigue life predictions revealed that, for 10 7 cycles, basalt/epoxy composites aged in seawater for 6 weeks would undergo a reduction of 11% concerning the maximum applied stress [87]. Notched carbon/epoxy laminates-rectangular cross-sections with a central hole-suffered dire repercussions subsequent to immersion in natural and artificial seawater for 30 and 60 days in their low-cycle fatigue behaviour-for 10 4 cycles, the stress amplitude was 1.2 times higher for dry laminates [88]. Still, no discernible differences were observed in the fatigue behaviour regarding the immersion duration or the type of seawater and for high-cycle fatigue, the lifetime of the laminates was not affected-superior impact of holes and respective induced stress concentrations.…”

Section: Seawatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime

Barreira-Pinto,

Carneiro,

Miranda

et al. 2023

Materials

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Polymer-matrix composites are widely used in engineering applications. Yet, environmental factors impact their macroscale fatigue and creep performances significantly, owing to several mechanisms acting at the microstructure level. Herein, we analyse the effects of water uptake that are responsible for swelling and, over time and in enough quantity, for hydrolysis. Seawater, due to a combination of high salinity and pressures, low temperature and biotic media present, also contributes to the acceleration of fatigue and creep damage. Similarly, other liquid corrosive agents penetrate into cracks induced by cyclic loading and cause dissolution of the resin and breakage of interfacial bonds. UV radiation either increases the crosslinking density or scissions chains, embrittling the surface layer of a given matrix. Temperature cycles close to the glass transition damage the fibre–matrix interface, promoting microcracking and hindering fatigue and creep performance. The microbial and enzymatic degradation of biopolymers is also studied, with the former responsible for metabolising specific matrices and changing their microstructure and/or chemical composition. The impact of these environmental factors is detailed for epoxy, vinyl ester and polyester (thermoset); polypropylene, polyamide and poly etheretherketone (thermoplastic); and for poly lactic acid, thermoplastic starch and polyhydroxyalkanoates (biopolymers). Overall, the environmental factors mentioned hamper the fatigue and creep performances, altering the mechanical properties of the composite or causing stress concentrations through microcracks, promoting earlier failure. Future studies should focus on other matrices beyond epoxy as well as on the development of standardised testing methods.

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Section: Seawatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime

Barreira-Pinto,

Carneiro,

Miranda

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…[1][2][3] The performance degradation of composite structural parts subjected to the marine environment has become a major concern. [4][5][6] The integrity of the composites can be negatively affected in the marine environment. Studies have shown that the impact performance, 7 bending strength, 8 tensile strength, 9 fracture toughness, 10 and other mechanical properties of laminated and woven composites subjected to marine environments can be reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of salt–fog spray environment on bending fatigue properties of 3D woven composites

Zhao,

Chen,

Gao

2024

Journal of Composite Materials

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In this study, the effect of salt–fog spray corrosion environment on bending fatigue properties of three-dimensional (3D) woven composites was investigated. Three test environmental conditions, namely a normal environment, two cycles of salt–fog spray corrosion environment, and four cycles of salt–fog spray corrosion environment, were designed. In addition, the salt–fog spray corrosion mechanism, the bending fatigue properties, damage mechanisms, and failure modes of 3D woven composites were studied. The results showed that the bending strength and bending modulus decreased by 5.5 and 9.3%, and 2.27 and 3.45% after two and four salt–fog spray cycles, respectively, compared with that of the normal environment. The bending fatigue properties of 3D woven composites were related to the applied stress and salt–fog spray cycles. The salt–fog spray environment was responsible for the degradation of the interface bonding strength. The maximum reduction ratio of bending fatigue life after salt–fog spray treatment exceeded 70%. The brittle fracture characteristics of 3D woven composite yarn were more pronounced with an increase in salt–fog spray aging cycles.

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“…Extensive research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of hostile environments on composite materials [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The absorption of water is detrimental to the mechanical properties of FRP composites, since it affects the resin matrix by plasticization and also deteriorates the matrix–fiber interface [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modeling of Damage Caused by Seawater Exposure on Mechanical Strength in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

et al. 2022

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Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are frequently used in marine environments which may limit their durability. The development of accurate engineering tools capable of simulating the effect of seawater on material strength can improve design and reduce structural costs. This paper presents a numerical-based approach to predict the stress–strain response of fiber-reinforced polymer composites exposed to different seawater immersion times, ranging from 0 to 900 days. A three-dimensional numerical model has been implemented using a static implicit finite element analysis along with a user-defined material (UMAT) subroutine. Puck’s failure criterion was used for ultimate failure analysis of the laminates, while Fick’s first diffusion law was used to predict the seawater absorption rate. Overall, the simulated stress–strain curves were close to those obtained experimentally. Moreover, the model agreed well with the experimental data regarding the maximum stress and the strain at failure leading to maximum errors lower than 9% and 11%, respectively. Additionally, the simulated strain fields agreed well with the experimental results measured by digital image correlation. Finally, the proposed procedure was also used to identify the most critical surfaces to protect the mechanical components from marine environments.

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Seawater Effect on Fatigue Behaviour of Notched Carbon/Epoxy Laminates

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime

Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime

Effect of salt–fog spray environment on bending fatigue properties of 3D woven composites

Numerical Modeling of Damage Caused by Seawater Exposure on Mechanical Strength in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

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