“…Vegetation fires cause serious smoke pollution and trans-boundary haze episodes throughout SEA (e.g., Qadri, 2001). Overall, biomass burning in SEA is associated with poor air quality and widespread environmental decline (e.g., Kunii et al, 2002;Dawud, 1998;Balasubramanian et al, 1999;Aditama, 2000;Kunii et al, 2002;Zhan et al, 2002;Zhang and Oanh, 2002;Tipayarom and Oanh, 2007;Wiwanitkit, 2008;Pengchai et al, 2009;Hyer and Chew, 2010;Silva et al, 2010;Sundarambal et al, 2010;Oanh et al, 2011).…”