Seasonal variation of flavonoid content in bee bread: Potential impact on hypopharyngeal gland development in<i>Apis mellifera</i>honey bees

Bovi, Thaís de Souza; Caeiro, André; Santos, Sérgio A. A.; Zaluski, Rodrigo; Shinohara, Alex Junji; Lima, Giuseppina Pace Pereira; Campos, Maria Graça; Justulin, Luís Antônio; Orsi, Ricardo de Oliveira

doi:10.1080/00218839.2019.1702321

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The isolated glands were placed on microscope slides and observed and photographed under a Leica EZ4 W microscope at 12.5× magnification to determine the morphology of the HGs and at 20× magnification to determine the morphology of the MGs and CSGs. The color and fullness of the HG are essential indicators of its development; HGs are generally characterized by a milky color and being well rounded [ 28 , 29 ]. HG microscopic images were imported into Photoshop 2020 to measure the length and width of the HGs’ acini.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of Citric Acid by Bees Promotes the Gland Development and Enhances Royal Jelly Quality

Wang,

Ji,

Zheng

et al. 2024

Life

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The glands of bees are responsible for generating and secreting various biologically active substances that significantly impact bee physiological health and adaptability. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding citric acid (CA) to bee feed on gland development and royal jelly quality. By formulating feed with varying proportions of CA, evaluation was undertaken of pollen feeding by honeybees under laboratory conditions, along with the impact of CA on the development of major glands, to determine suitable addition proportions. Further optimization of the CA proportion involved feeding colonies and evaluating royal jelly production and quality. The results indicated that feed containing 0.75% CA significantly extended the lifespan of bees and increased their pollen consumption. Gland development in bees showed a positive correlation with CA addition within the range of 0.25% to 0.75%, especially at 0.50% and 0.75%, which notably accelerated the development of mandibular, hypopharyngeal, and cephalic salivary glands, with active proliferation and differentiation of glandular cells and maintenance of normal gland size and morphology. CA added to feed stimulated vigorous secretion of wax glands in worker bees, resulting in prolific wax construction. Colonies consuming feed containing 0.50% CA produced royal jelly with significantly reduced moisture and total sugar content and increased levels of 10-HDA, total phenolic acids, total proteins, and acidity. These findings demonstrate that CA consumption significantly prolongs bee lifespan, increases consumption, promotes gland development, and enhances royal jelly quality. This research provides theoretical guidance for beekeeping practices and feed development, contributing to the sustainable advancement of apiculture.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of Citric Acid by Bees Promotes the Gland Development and Enhances Royal Jelly Quality

Wang,

Ji,

Zheng

et al. 2024

Life

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“…Histological analyses were performed using an adaptation of the method described by Bovi et al (2020). The heads were placed in falcon tubes immersed in 70% alcohol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To determine the acini area, all histological sections were measured. However, considering the inherent variation of the HPG acini area, only the 100 largest acini (10 per honeybee) for each treatment were compared (Bovi et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc methionine or zinc sulphate supplementation modulate the development of the hypopharyngeal gland and expression of major royal jelly protein genes in Apis mellifera L. bees

Ribeiro

Kadri

Justulin

et al. 2023

Physiological Entomology

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We analysed whether the source of zinc (inorganic and organic) influences the morphology of the hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) and the relative expression of major royal jelly protein (MRJP) genes in nursing bees at 6 days of age. For this, 15 colonies of Apis mellifera bees were subjected to the following treatments: Zn0 (control), zinc methionine (50 ppm) and zinc sulphate monohydrate (50 ppm) during the off‐season (characterized by food reduction). MRJP1 and MRJP5 gene expression was analysed using real‐time PCR and HPG sections under a microscope. Bee mortality and population development were also evaluated for 30 days. It was observed that the honeybees consumed all sugar syrup containing zinc both in its organic and inorganic forms, which did not promote mortality or affect population development. Regarding HPG morphometry, it was observed that zinc, regardless of the source, promoted the acini area significantly greater than that of the control. Zn methionine promoted a significant increase in HPG area compared with that of an inorganic source. The relative expression of MRJP1 and MRJP5 was not significantly affected compared with the control. We conclude that the mineral Zn promotes an increase in the HPG area and does not alter the pattern of expression of the MRJP1 and MRJP5 genes, and that the organic source of the mineral presents the best results.

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“…The floral composition is affected by phytogeographical, genetic modifications and seasonal factors [14][15][16]. A consistent work being carried out by us delivering data on hand-collected pollen, herbarium specimens and bee pollen samples, gathered in different locations and years, to perform the identification of bee pollen floral origins [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The method previously described by Campos et al, [17,18] enables the identification of pollen taxon by the HPLC-DAD-based phenolic/polyphenolic profiling of hydroalcoholic extracts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Irradiation Drying Impact on Bee Pollen: Case Study on the Phenolic Composition of Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Salix atrocinerea Brot. Pollens

et al. 2021

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Bee pollen is commonly reputed as a rich source of nutrients, both for bees and humans. Its composition is well balanced and can be taken as a stand-alone food or as supplement, including for the elderly owing its low caloric value. However, storage conditions frequently lead to product degradation, namely due to the high moisture content that enable the proliferation of molds and bacteria. Herein, an infrared (IR)-based technology is proposed as a mean to determine moisture content, setting also a new scalable approach for the development of a drying technology to be used for bee pollen processing, which can be carried out in a short time, without impacting the phenolic and flavonoid content and associated bioactive effects. Proof-of-concept was attained with an IR moisture analyzer, bee pollen samples from Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Salix atrocinerea Brot. being selected as models. Impact of the IR radiation towards the phenolic and flavonoid profiles was screened by HPLC/DAD profiling and radical scavenging ability by the DPPH assay. The IR-based approach shows good reproducibility while simultaneously reducing drying time and energy consumption, thus implying a low environmental impact and being suitable for industrial scale-up once no degradation has been found to occur during the radiation process.

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Seasonal variation of flavonoid content in bee bread: Potential impact on hypopharyngeal gland development inApis melliferahoney bees

Cited by 7 publications

References 53 publications

Consumption of Citric Acid by Bees Promotes the Gland Development and Enhances Royal Jelly Quality

Consumption of Citric Acid by Bees Promotes the Gland Development and Enhances Royal Jelly Quality

Zinc methionine or zinc sulphate supplementation modulate the development of the hypopharyngeal gland and expression of major royal jelly protein genes in Apis mellifera L. bees

Infrared Irradiation Drying Impact on Bee Pollen: Case Study on the Phenolic Composition of Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Salix atrocinerea Brot. Pollens

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