Seasonal variation of dissolved bioaccessibility for potentially toxic elements in size-resolved PM: Impacts of bioaccessibility on inhalable risk and uncertainty

Trace elements in ambient aerosols and size-resolved fog droplets: Trends, enrichment, and risk assessment

“…PM-bound trace elements also display size-dependent abundance. Crustal elements such as Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn are mostly associated with coarser PM fractions (PM 2.5-10 ) [ 2 , 7 , 8 ]. Certain elements, mostly the anthropogenic ones, also display more than one dominant size mode (bimodal, trimodal), indicating a variety of sources for such elements [ 7 , 8 ].…”

“…Crustal elements such as Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn are mostly associated with coarser PM fractions (PM 2.5-10 ) [ 2 , 7 , 8 ]. Certain elements, mostly the anthropogenic ones, also display more than one dominant size mode (bimodal, trimodal), indicating a variety of sources for such elements [ 7 , 8 ]. Earlier studies in India have reported very high concentrations of the various trace elements in PM, approximately 9–10% of the total PM 2.5 mass [ [8] , [9] , [10] , 11 ], 10–100 times or higher than those reported from Europe or USA [ [12] , [13] , [14] ].…”