Seasonal Variation in Onset of Burkitt's Lymphoma in the West Nile District of Uganda

Williams, Edward H.; Day, N E; Geser, Anton

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91350-6

Cited by 38 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Monthly rainfall was not correlated with aBL incidence, in accordance with some studies, 36,37 but not all studies. 38 The poor correlations between rainfall and aBL, although rainfall is associated with increase in malaria transmission, may be caused by a negative impact of heavy rainfall on medicalseeking behaviors of persons in rural areas or an influence of other factors modulated by rainfall, such as co-transmission of soil transmitted parasites and/or viral infections or nutrition, whose effects may distort and obscure correlations of rainfall with aBL incidence. Our study has limitations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Burkitt Lymphoma: Age-Specific Risk and Correlations with Malaria Biomarkers

Emmanuel¹,

Kawira²,

Ogwang³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. African Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell, non-Hodgkin lymphoma linked to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malaria biomarkers related to onset of African Burkitt lymphoma are unknown. We correlated agespecific patterns of 2,602 cases of African Burkitt lymphoma (60% male, mean ± SD age = 7.1 ± 2.9 years) from Uganda, Ghana, and Tanzania with malaria biomarkers published from these countries. Age-specific patterns of this disease and mean multiplicity of P. falciparum malaria parasites, defined as the average number of distinct genotypes per positive blood sample based on the merozoite surface protein-2 assessed by polymerase chain reaction, were correlated and both peaked between 5 and 9 years. This pattern, which was strong and consistent across regions, contrasted parasite prevalence, which peaked at 2 years and decreased slightly, and geometric mean parasite density, which peaked between 2 and 3 years and decreased sharply. Our findings suggest that concurrent infection with multiple malaria genotypes may be related to onset of African Burkitt lymphoma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Burkitt Lymphoma: Age-Specific Risk and Correlations with Malaria Biomarkers

Emmanuel¹,

Kawira²,

Ogwang³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The method is illustrated using some data on the incidence of Burkitt's lymphoma gathered in the West Nile district of Uganda (Williams et al, 1974). The years 1966-73 only are considered because during those years there appeared to be no long-term trend in incidence, either upwards or downwards.…”

Section: S Freedmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include, to name a few, Burkitt's lymphoma (Williams et al, 1974), peptic ulcer perforation (MacKay, 1966), ulcerative colitis (Evans and Acheson, 1965;Cave and Freedman, 1975), suicides (Barraclough and White, 1978), and congenital malformations (Elwood, 1975). Different statistical methods have been proposed and used to analyse such data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of a Kolmogorov--Smirnov type statistic in testing hypotheses about seasonal variation.

Freedman¹

1979

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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SUMMARY This paper presents a non-parametric method for testing departures from a uniform seasonal variation in incidence of disease. The method may be used either with exact The data are usually presented and analysed in the form of a series of 12 monthly totals, these being the numbers of persons diagnosed with or dying from the disease of interest in a given month of the year. Often the data have been gathered over a number of years and the monthly totals are obtained by summing over the individual years.It should be noted that this way of compressing the data can be used only in the absence of a long-term trend in the data. For example, if there is a long-term decline in the incidence of a disease and no seasonal variation, then combining monthly totals in the way described will result in an apparently steady decrease

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“…Endemic BL exhibits unusual features such as seasonality [95, 96], shifting foci, or lymphoma “hot-spots” which change location from year to year [97, 98] and both spatial [99, 100] and space-time case clusters [95, 97, 98, 101–104]. The clustering was very striking when it occured; in the Aliba outbreak, four of the five cases from this small village presented within one year [101] and unrelated cases in clusters in Malawi were often very close in space and time, with one unrelated case-pair living in neighbouring huts.…”

Section: Burkitt's Lymphomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This possibility is also suggested by the observation that three patients, seronegative for CHIKV, seroconverted for Yellow Fever during the course of their first admission, and other cases, seronegative for both viruses, had high titres of antibody to Sandfly Fever, denoting recent infection [56]. Additionally, some Ugandan space-time case clusters [101] occurred during or following an epidemic of O'nyong-nyong, an arbovirus closely related to CHIKV [112, 113] and others [95, 97, 98, 101–103] also occurred during periods when CHIKV activity was recorded in East and Central Africa, viz. 1958, 1960-61, 1963-65, 1967, 1971, 1973 [114].…”

Section: Burkitt's Lymphomamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role for RNA Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Burkitt's Lymphoma: The Need for Reappraisal

Bosch

2012

Advances in Hematology

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Certain infectious agents are associated with lymphomas, but the strength of the association varies geographically, suggesting that local environmental factors make important contributions to lymphomagenesis. Endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma has well-defined environmental requirements making it particularly suitable for research into local environmental factors. The Epstein-Barr virus and holoendemic Malaria are recognized as important cofactors in endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma and their contributions are discussed. Additionally, infection with Chikungunya Fever, a potentially oncogenic arbovirus, was associated with the onset of endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma in one study and also with space-time case clusters of the lymphoma. Chikungunya Virus has several characteristics typical of oncogenic viruses. The Flavivirus, Hepatitis C, a Class 1 Human Carcinogen, closely related to the arboviruses, Yellow Fever, and Dengue, is also more distantly related to Chikungunya Virus. The mechanisms of oncogenesis believed to operate in Hepatitis C lymphomagenesis are discussed, as is their potential applicability to Chikungunya Virus.

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Seasonal Variation in Onset of Burkitt's Lymphoma in the West Nile District of Uganda

Cited by 38 publications

References 6 publications

African Burkitt Lymphoma: Age-Specific Risk and Correlations with Malaria Biomarkers

African Burkitt Lymphoma: Age-Specific Risk and Correlations with Malaria Biomarkers

The use of a Kolmogorov--Smirnov type statistic in testing hypotheses about seasonal variation.

A Role for RNA Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Burkitt's Lymphoma: The Need for Reappraisal

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