Seasonal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Protects against 1918 Spanish Influenza Virus Infection in Ferrets

Standard Trivalent Influenza Virus Protein Vaccination Does Not Prime Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Macaques

“…On the other hand, induction of binding antibodies frequently leads to a subset of antibodies that mediate ADCC. Further, there is evidence of limited cross-reactive immunity induced by TIV vaccination in humans (18).…”

Seasonal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Does Not Protect against Newly Emerging Variants of Influenza A (H3N2v) Virus in Ferrets

“…Male Fitch ferrets (Triple F Farms, Sayre, PA), 8 to 12 months of age and seronegative against currently circulating human influenza H1, H3, and type B viruses, were vaccinated and twice boosted (3 to 4 weeks between injections) intramuscularly with an adult human dose (0.5 ml) of the 2011-2012 seasonal inactivated split-product TIV or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (controls) (15). Prior to vaccine boost and viral challenge, ferret sera were collected to assess hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody responses against IN/11 virus and the three homologous viruses in the 2011-2012 TIV.…”

“…The Perth/16 virus stock was grown in the allantoic cavities of 10-day-old embryonated hens' eggs at 34°C for 48 h and titrated in a standard plaque assay expressed as PFU. Ferrets were challenged intranasally with 10 6 PFU of virus, and vaccine protection was measured by reduction in fever, weight loss, and upper respiratory tract virus replication (15). Viral challenge with the seasonal Perth/16 virus resulted in minimal morbidity among vaccinated and control ferrets, causing 3.4% and 3.9% maximum weight loss, respectively (Table 2).…”

Insights from unusual aspects of the 1918 influenza pandemic

“…When the 2009 pandemic arrived, part of its genetic information came from the 1918 influenza virus as maintained in swine [53]. The 2009 viral hemagglutinin is similar enough to that of 1918 to allow cross-protection in laboratory animals when immunized with the other surface protein [54]. Internal viral antigens such as the nucleoprotein also were conserved from 1918 to the 2009 pandemic virus [55].…”