Seasonal Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Parameters: A Case Study of Sapanca Lake Watershed

Abstract

This study was aimed to evaluate the water quality and pollution sources in Sapanca Lake and its tributaries by applying multivariate statistical techniques to physicochemical parameters and toxic metals. For this purpose, the multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model have been employed. It was tried to determine the seasonal pollution sources of physicochemical parameters and toxic metals obtained from 22 different sampling points between the years of 2015 and 2017. PCA was applied to the datasets, and 6 varimax factors describing 84%, 80%, 76%, and 79% of the total variance for each season were extracted. The obtained factors were analyzed using the APCS-MLR model for the apportionment of various pollution sources affecting physicochemical parameters and toxic metals. The results show that the natural soil structure, municipal-industrial wastewater, agricultural-atmospheric runoff, highways, and seasonal effects are the major pollution sources for toxic metals and physicochemical parameters. The material contribution of pollutant sources to toxic metals and physicochemical parameters was calculated and verified by the concentrations analyzed. Consequently, multivariate statistical techniques are useful to determine the physicochemical parameters and toxic metals through reciprocal correlation and assess the seasonal impact of pollutant sources in the basin. This study also provides a basis for the creation of measurement programs, determination of pollution sources, and provision of sustainable watershed management regarding other water resources.

Ecological status estimation of eight creeks in the Lake Sapanca Basin (Sakarya, Turkey) using diatom indices

“…Similar to our findings, Arman et al (2009) have found the highest NO 3 -N values in the 1st and 8th stations, and the highest PO 4 -P values in the 8th station. Ateş et al (2020) have pointed out that lithogenic, agricultural activities, industrial and domestic wastewater, and traffic load around the lake are the main sources responsible for toxic metal pollution and physicochemical parameters regarding the Lake Sapanca water quality. In their study, they have mentioned the importance of the transport of chemicals by surface runoff.…”

“…Moreover, various watercourses in the western Mediterranean (Toudjani et al, 2017), North Aegean (Çelekli et al, 2018), and Gaziantep region (Çelekli and Arslanargun, 2019) were studied using these indices. Although there are some studies on Lake Sapanca (Temel, 1996;Akçaalan et al, 2007;Yılmaz and Aykulu, 2010), and on its creeks (Arman et al, 2009;Ateş et al, 2020;Akıner and Akıner, 2021), no studies were done on the diatom flora or diatom indices to evaluate the water quality of the creeks feeding the lake. For this reason, this study aims to assess the ecological status of eight creeks feeding Lake Sapanca using diatom indices developed from different ecoregion and to define the most important environmental factor(s) driving the distribution of epilithic diatom assemblages.…”

A Case Study of Using Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Heavy Metal Pollution in Lake Iznik

“…The mineral structure of soil in the lake basin serves as the lithogenic source in this context. Tra c and lithogenic sources lead to the existence of EC in the lake water (Ateş et al 2020). In monthly water quality analyses carried out by Pal et al (2013) for three natural lakes in Mahoba district in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, over a period of 6 months, the highest EC value was recorded in summer, as 823 µS/cm, while the lowest value was recorded in winter, as 518 µS/cm.…”

“…Aluminum stood out as the heavy metal with the highest concentration at all sampling points (3,391 mg/l). The signi cant presence of Al is mostly due to the characteristics of the soil of the region, however (Ateş et al 2020).…”

Water Quality Analysis of Drinking Water Resource Lake Sapanca and Suggestions for the Solution of the Pollution Problem in the Context of Sustainable Environment Approach

“…Besides this, Kocaeli and Sakarya municipalities also use water [18]. The Lake is faced with pollution and salinity due to the extensive use of freshwater and uncontrolled pollution [19].…”