Seasonal Shift in <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> Transmission Cycles in New Zealand

Learmonth, Jim; Ionas, George; Pita, Anthony; Cowie, Rebecca

doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00444.x

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The only region where C. parvum is more often seen in humans than C. hominis is Europe, where several studies have shown a slightly higher prevalence of C. parvum than C. hominis in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons (2,6,9,20). The differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in humans are considered an indication of differences in infection sources (15,16,20). Thus, the predominance of C. parvum in a population has been considered the result of zoonotic transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Endemicity of Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Kuwait

et al. 2005

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To understand the transmission of Cryptosporidium infection in children, fecal specimens from 62 Kuwaiti children with gastrointestinal symptoms found to be positive by microscopy were genotyped and subtyped with a small subunit rRNA-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and a 60-kDa glycoprotein-based DNA sequencing tool. The median age of infected children was 4.5 years, and 77% of infections occurred during the cool season of November to April. Fifty-eight of the children (94%) had Cryptosporidium parvum, three (5%) had Cryptosporidium hominis, and one (1%) had both C. parvum and C. hominis. Altogether, 13 subtypes of C. parvum (belonging to four subtype allele families) and C. hominis (belonging to three subtype allele families) were observed, with 92% of specimens belonging to the common allele family IIa and the unusual allele family IId. Thus, the transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children differed significantly from other tropical countries.Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of diarrheal diseases in both developing and industrialized nations. Recent molecular epidemiologic studies of cryptosporidiosis have helped researchers to better understand the transmission of cryptosporidiosis in humans and the public health significance of Cryptosporidium spp. in animals and the environment. Using genotyping tools, five species of Cryptosporidium (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. felis, and C. canis) have been shown to be responsible for most human infections. Of these five species, C. hominis and C. parvum are the two most common species (34). Because these five human pathogenic Cryptosporidium species have different spectrums of host specificity, the characterization of Cryptosporidium at the species level is useful in investigating infection and contamination sources. Recently, a number of subtyping tools have been developed and used to characterize the population structure and transmission dynamics of C. parvum and C. hominis (2, 8, 17, 18, 24-26, 29, 30).Although cryptosporidiosis is prevalent in tropical regions, limited studies have been conducted to characterize Cryptosporidium spp. from humans at the molecular level. Several studies have examined the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis in South Africa, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda, Peru, and Thailand, all of which have shown a predominance of C. hominis in humans, indicating anthroponotic transmission plays a major role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in most tropical countries (7,17,25,(31)(32)(33). Only two of the studies subtyped small numbers of Cryptosporidium spp. (17,25). In the present study, 62 Cryptosporidium-positive specimens were collected from children in Kuwait City between 1997 and 2004 and examined by a small subunit (SSU) rRNA-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and a 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60)-based PCR sequencing tool (2, 33). Results of the study have shown a predominance in children of C. parvum, which traditionally is associated with farm animal...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Endemicity of Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Kuwait

et al. 2005

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“…In contrast, in the United Kingdom, other parts of Europe, and New Zealand, C. parvum is as common as C. hominis in humans (2,6,14,20,21,25,29,31,33). The differences in distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in humans are considered an indication of differences in infection sources (28,29,33).…”

Section: Hominismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Genotype and Subtype Distribution in Raw Wastewater in Shanghai, China: Evidence for Possible Unique Cryptosporidium hominis Transmission

et al. 2009

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“…New-born livestock are a likely source of Cryptosporidium infection in humans in New Zealand [25][26][27]. Furthermore, these clusters showed a consistent seasonal spring peak.…”

Section: Space-time Clustersmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Seasonal strain-specific Cryptosporidium transmission cycles implying zoonotic transmission in spring and anthroponotic transmission in autumn have been reported in New Zealand and the UK [25,35]. Seasonal strain-specific Cryptosporidium transmission cycles implying zoonotic transmission in spring and anthroponotic transmission in autumn have been reported in New Zealand and the UK [25,35].…”

Section: Space-time Clustersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Heterogeneity in hotspots: spatio-temporal patterns in neglected parasitic diseases

Lal

Hales

2014

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis have been recognized by the WHO as 'Neglected Diseases'. Minimal attention has been paid to the spatial and temporal distribution of disease incidence patterns. Using disease notification data, we detected spatio-temporal clusters of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis across three time periods: (i) 1997-2000, (ii) 2001-2004, (iii) 2005-2008. There was substantial variation in the geographical location and timing of recurrent cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis clusters. Statistically significant (P < 0·05) giardiasis clusters tended to occur in predominantly urban areas with little apparent seasonal influence, while statistically significant cryptosporidiosis clusters were detected in spring, in areas with high livestock land use. The location and timing of cryptosporidiosis clusters suggest an influence of livestock production practices, while urban exposures and host behaviour are likely to influence giardiasis clusters. This approach provides a resource-efficient method for public health authorities to prioritize future research needs and areas for intervention.

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Seasonal Shift in Cryptosporidium parvum Transmission Cycles in New Zealand

Cited by 30 publications

References 8 publications

Unique Endemicity of Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Kuwait

Unique Endemicity of Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Kuwait

Cryptosporidium Genotype and Subtype Distribution in Raw Wastewater in Shanghai, China: Evidence for Possible Unique Cryptosporidium hominis Transmission

Heterogeneity in hotspots: spatio-temporal patterns in neglected parasitic diseases

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