Seasonal Polyphenism

Shapiro, Arthur M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_6

Cited by 209 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…Shapiro 1976;Brakefield and Frankino 2009). However, it remains to be tested whether size polyphenism may be adaptive per se (i.e.…”

Section: Discussion 345mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of phenotypic plasticity, called seasonal polyphenism, is common among short-lived organisms like insects and other arthropods, and is particularly well 57 documented in butterflies and moths (reviewed in Shapiro 1976;Tauber et al 1986;Brakefield 1996;Brakefield and Frankino 2009). For example, different seasonal generations of lepidopterans may differ in morphometrics (Kimura and Masaki 1977;60 Greene 1989;Brakefield and Larsen 1984;Fric and Konvička 2002;Van Dyck and Wiklund 2002), colour and patterning (Shapiro 1976;Jones 1992;Windig et al1994;Hazel et al 1998;Hazel 2002), body size (references below), growth rate and duration of 63 the larval period (e.g. Wiklund et al 1991), longevity (Karlsson and Wickman 1989;Brakefield and Frankino 2009) and reproductive traits (Karlsson and Johansson 2008;Larsdotter Mellström et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seasonal polyphenisms can typically be classified as anticipatory plasticity, and, indeed, are generally assumed to be adaptive responses to seasonally differing selection pressures (Shapiro 1976;Nijhout 1999Nijhout , 2003Brakefield and Frankino 2009). In some 93…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For body size, regular differences between successive generations are reported for various insects, with different species often showing contrasting patterns (Shapiro 1976). 111…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinguishing between anticipatory and responsive plasticity in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly

et al. 2012

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Seasonal generations of short-lived organisms often differ in their morphological, behavioural and life history traits, including body size. These differences may be either due to immediate effects of seasonally variable environment on organisms (responsive plasticity) or rely on presumably adaptive responses of organisms to cues signalizing forthcoming seasonal changes (anticipatory plasticity). When directly developing individuals of insects are larger than their overwintering conspecifics, the betweengeneration differences are typically ascribed to responsive plasticity in larval growth. We tested this hypothesis using the papilionid butterly Iphiclides podalirius as a model species. In laboratory experiments, we demonstrated that seasonal differences in food quality could not explain the observed size difference. Similarly, the size differences are not likely to be explained by the immediate effects of ambient temperature and photoperiod on larval growth. The qualitative pattern of natural size differences between the directly developing and diapausing butterflies could be reproduced in the laboratory as a response to photoperiod, indicating anticipatory character of the response. Directly developing and diapausing individuals followed an identical growth trajectory until the end of the last larval instar, with size differences appearing just a few days before pupation. Taken together, various lines of evidence suggest that between-generation size differences in I. podalirius are not caused by immediate effects of environmental factors on larval growth. Instead, these differences rather represent anticipatory plasticity and are thus likely to have an adaptive explanation. It remains currently unclear, whether the seasonal differences in adult size per se are adaptive, or if they constitute co-product of processes related to the diapause. Our study shows that it may be feasible to distinguish between different types of plasticity on the basis of empirical data even if fitness cannot be directly measured, and contributes to the emerging view about the predominantly adaptive nature of seasonal polyphenisms in insects.

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“…Shapiro 1976;Brakefield and Frankino 2009). However, it remains to be tested whether size polyphenism may be adaptive per se (i.e.…”

Section: Discussion 345mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For body size, regular differences between successive generations are reported for various insects, with different species often showing contrasting patterns (Shapiro 1976). 111…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinguishing between anticipatory and responsive plasticity in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly

et al. 2012

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“…Dingle, 1982;Wolda, 1988;Gatehouse, 1989). An alternative is found in some herbivorous insects, including species of satyrine butterflies, which show phenotypic plasticity and have different forms in each season (Shapiro, 1976;Brakefield & Larsen, 1984). In the tropical satyrines, adults can remain active, or potentially active, throughout the year (although they may show reproductive diapause in the dry season; see Brakefield, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity, seasonal climate and the population biology of Bicyclus butterflies (Satyridae) in Malawi

Brakefield

Reitsma

1991

Ecological Entomology

282

397

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Abstract. 1. Seasonal polyphenism is studied in a community of five African butterflies of the genus Bicyclus at the transition between a wet and a dry season from May to July.2. Butterflies characterized by large eyespots and, especially in B.safilza (Hewitson). a pale band (the wet season form) are replaced over this period by butterflies lacking conspicuous wing markings (the dry season form, dsf). The latter butterflies also tend to be larger, but more variable in size. Butterflies of an intermediate phenotype are recruited over a comparatively short interim period.3. This turnover coincides with a period of declining temperature and drying of the habitat, including the grasses on which larvae feed. Butterflies arc progressively more likely to rest on brown leaf litter rather than on green herbage. 4. A relationship with temperature is supported by laboratory experiments with B.safitza and B.anynana (Butler) showing that increasingly extreme dsf butterflies develop with decreasing rearing temperature in the final larval instar.5. Some differences in behaviour and activity were observed between the seasonal forms. Butterflies of the dsf develop ovarian dormancy and fat bodies. They can survive to reproduce at the beginning of the rains in November.6. Capture -recapture experiments showed that the adult butterflies have a comparatively long life expectancy and are quite sedentary.7. The results are discussed in relation to a hypothesis linking the polyphenism to seasonal changes in resting background and selection for crypsis.

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Butterfly wings: the evolution of development of colour patterns

1999

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The diversity in colour patterns on butterfly wings provides great potential for understanding how developmental mechanisms may be modulated in the evolution of adaptive traits. In particular, we discuss concentric eyespot patterns, which have been shown by surgical experiments to be formed in response to signals from a central focus. Seasonal polyphenism shows how alternate phenotypes can develop through environmental sensitivity mediated by ecdysteroid hormones, whereas artificial selection and single gene mutants demonstrate genetic variation influencing the number, shape, size, position, and colour composition of the eyespots. The expression patterns of the regulatory gene Distal-less reveal that these changes can arise at several different developmental stages, and the phenotypes indicate that some forms of changed pattern may occur much more readily than others. Further study of the genes, of the developmental mechanisms, and of the functions of the patterns will provide novel insights about the evolution of morphological diversity.

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Seasonal Polyphenism

Abstract: The heavens themselves, the planets, and this center, observe degree, priority, and place, insisture, course, proportion, season, form, office, and custom, in

Cited by 209 publications

References 139 publications

Distinguishing between anticipatory and responsive plasticity in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly

Distinguishing between anticipatory and responsive plasticity in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly

Phenotypic plasticity, seasonal climate and the population biology of Bicyclus butterflies (Satyridae) in Malawi

Butterfly wings: the evolution of development of colour patterns

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