Seasonal Oxy-Inflammation and Hydration Status in Non-Elite Freeskiing Racer: A Pilot Study by Non-Invasive Analytic Method

Abstract

Freeskiing is performed in an extreme environment, with significant physical effort that can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and dehydration. This study aimed to investigate the evolution of the oxy-inflammation and hydration status during a freeskiing training season with non-invasive methods. Eight trained freeskiers were investigated during a season training: T0 (beginning), T1-T3 (training sessions), and T4 (after the end). Urine and saliva were collected at T0, before (A) and after (B) T1-T3, and at T4. ROS, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) derivatives, neopterin, and electrolyte balance changes were investigated. We found significant increases in ROS generation (T1A-B +71%; T2A-B +65%; T3A-B +49%; p < 0.05–0.01) and IL-6 (T2A-B +112%; T3A-B +133%; p < 0.01). We did not observe significant variation of TAC and NOx after training sessions. Furthermore, ROS and IL-6 showed statistically significant differences between T0 and T4 (ROS + 48%, IL-6 + 86%; p < 0.05). Freeskiing induced an increase in ROS production, which can be contained by antioxidant defense activation, and in IL-6, as a consequence of physical activity and skeletal muscular contraction. We did not find deep changes in electrolytes balance, likely because all freeskiers were well-trained and very experienced.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Counters Oxidative Stress/Inflammation-Driven Symptoms in Long COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Outcomes

“…They were instructed on the correct use of Salivette devices (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). The samples were spun down, and approximately 1 mL of saliva was obtained [38][39][40][41]. Urine samples were collected via voluntary voiding in a sterile container provided to the subjects.…”

“…X-band (9.3 GHz) EPR spectroscopy, (E-Scan Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) was used to detect ROS production in saliva as previously described [38][39][40][41]. Spin probe CMH (1-…”

“…X-band (9.3 GHz) EPR spectroscopy, (E-Scan Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) was used to detect ROS production in saliva as previously described [38][39][40][41]. Spin probe CMH (1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine) was used to assess ROS, with CP• (3-Carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy), a stable radical, being used as an external reference.…”

“…Nitrite plus nitrate (NO 2 + NO 3 = NOx) concentration was assessed in urine via the use of a colorimetric method based on the Griess reaction [40,51,52] using a commercial kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Item No. 780001) that provided an accurate and convenient method for the measurement of nitrite and nitrate concentration.…”

“…Creatinine, neopterin, and uric acid concentrations were measured via the use of an isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that has been previously described [39,40,47,50,56]. The concentration levels were measured using a Varian pump (240, auto sampler ProStar 410) coupled to a specific fluorometric detector.…”