Seasonal impact of grazing, viral mortality, resource availability and light on the group-specific growth rates of coastal Mediterranean bacterioplankton

Abstract

Estimation of prokaryotic growth rates is critical to understand the ecological role and contribution of different microbes to marine biogeochemical cycles. However, there is a general lack of knowledge on what factors control the growth rates of different prokaryotic groups and how these vary between sites and along seasons at a given site. We carried out several manipulation experiments during the four astronomical seasons in the coastal NW Mediterranean in order to evaluate the impact of grazing, viral mortality, resource competition and light on the growth and loss rates of prokaryotes. Gross and net growth rates of different bacterioplankton groups targeted by group-specific CARD-FISH probes and infrared microscopy (for aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs, AAP), were calculated from changes in cell abundances. Maximal group-specific growth rates were achieved when both predation pressure and nutrient limitation were experimentally minimized, while only a minimal effect of viral pressure on growth rates was observed; nevertheless, the response to predation removal was more remarkable in winter, when the bacterial community was not subjected to nutrient limitation. Although all groups showed increases in their growth rates when resource competition as well as grazers and viral pressure were reduced, Alteromonadaceae consistently presented the highest rates in all seasons. The response to light availability was generally weaker than that to the other factors, but it was variable between seasons. In summer and spring, the growth rates of AAP were stimulated by light whereas the growth of the SAR11 clade (likely containing proteorhodopsin) was enhanced by light in all seasons. Overall, our results set thresholds on bacterioplankton group-specific growth and mortality rates and contribute to estimate the seasonally changing contribution of various bacterioplankton groups to the function of microbial communities. Our results also indicate that the least abundant groups display the highest growth rates, contributing to the recycling of organic matter to a much greater extent than what their abundances alone would predict.

Lineage-Specific Growth Curves Document Large Differences in Response of Individual Groups of Marine Bacteria to the Top-Down and Bottom-Up Controls

“…Estimations of growth rates of a few broader taxonomic groups were previously reported that were usually based on microscopic FISH counts. Typically, target groups included Gammaproteobacteria and its subgroups Alteromonadaceae , NOR5/OM60, SAR86, the Roseobacter clade, and SAR11 of the Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidota ( 11 , 13 – 19 ). Even though these studies provided valuable insights into community growth dynamics, the phylogenetic groups they targeted were limited in number and lacked finer taxonomic resolution.…”

Warmer temperatures favor slower-growing bacteria in natural marine communities

“…S2) and the standard deviation set to half the mean, or 0.25, the geometric distribution parameter p of the rRNA copy numbers was set to 0.8 (in the geometric distribution, (1 – p ) k –1 p, k is the copy number and p represents the fraction of the starting community with copy number = 1), the mortality rate δ was set to 0.07, the activation energy E was set to 0.33 eV, and the prefactor a set to 170,000. In case 2), the mean of the normal distribution of α ij was randomly drawn from a uniform distribution [0.1, 1] and the standard deviation was set to half the mean, the geometric distribution parameter p of the rRNA copy numbers was drawn from a uniform distribution [0.6, 0.9], the mortality rate δ was drawn from a uniform distribution [0.03, 0.2]( 42 ), and the activation energy E was drawn from a uniform distribution [0.1 eV, 0.6 eV] ( 71, 72 ), with the prefactor a set to the mean of 0.46e E /( k B *300) and 0.05 e E /(k B *,278) (ensuring that growth rates with the highest copy number at high temperature did not exceed realistic rates, and that the growth rate of species with copy number = 1 exceeded most mortality rates at the lowest temperatures).…”

Impact of dust addition on the microbial food web under present and future conditions of pH and temperature

“…Considering the seasonal impact of grazing and viral mortality in the Mediterranean Sea, where higher grazing pressure and lysogeny were observed in the stratified nutrient-limited waters in summer (Sánchez et al, 2020), it will be important to further study the seasonal impact of dust deposition on trophic interactions and indirect cascading impact on microbial dynamics and community composition.…”