Seasonal human-brown bear conflicts in northern Iran: implications for conservation

Marashi, Mahmoud; Qashqaei, Ali Turk; Marashi, Mahyar; Nejat, Farshad

doi:10.1080/21658005.2017.1331786

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Whereas in the early 20th century cinemas functioned more or less independently based on the commercial and nationalist predilections of cosmopolitan merchants, starting in the late 1920s and early 1930s cinematic tasks were "seized upon by the state" and incorporated into Pahlavi state's "self-assigned pedagogic mission." 116 At the same time, the intensification and rapid pace of societal transformations concomitant with the advent of the Pahlavi state further aroused feelings of discontent and marginalization amongst many, especially clerics and the sociocultural elite. Reza Shah's cultural and social modernization campaigns, including rapid propagation of sites of sociability, increased public presence of unveiled women following his aggressive campaign in 1936, importation and projection of a large number of international films that featured unveiled women, and propagation of nationalist debates that perceived such modernization processes to promote "imitation" of the West and abandonment of Iranian customs, provided sufficient excuses for reactionary responses to cinema, especially in the 1930s.…”

Section: O N C L U S I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cinematic Governmentality: Cinema and Education in Modern Iran, 1900s–1930s

Rekabtalaei

2018

Int. J. Middle East Stud.

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Much of the scholarship on the history of Iranian cinema considers film spectatorship in the first three decades of the 20th century as a leisure practice with origins in royalist and elitist entertainment forms. However, a close reading of archival material from this era reveals that cinema's significance extended well beyond its role as a pastime, as it became engaged in the governance of the self and disciplinary strategies of the state in Iran's experience of modernity in the early 20th century. In this article, I reperiodize the history of cinema in Iran by demonstrating the entanglement of cinema in popular nationalist discourses on education prior to cinema's institutionalization in the 1930s. Drawing on newspaper articles, film announcements, official documents, and poems, I show how, despite the absence of a centralized cinema institution in the 1910s and early 1920s, cosmopolitan citizens in dialogue with global trends promoted cinema as a means for the governance of selfhood and moral edification in the service of national progress. With the appropriation of cinema by the Pahlavi state in the 1930s, cinema was used as a technique of governmentality that aimed to conduct the conduct of individuals and shape an Iranian civic society.

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Section: O N C L U S I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cinematic Governmentality: Cinema and Education in Modern Iran, 1900s–1930s

Rekabtalaei

2018

Int. J. Middle East Stud.

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“…Converting natural areas such as forests and mountainous foothills to farmlands causes a spatial overlap between carnivores' habitats and human settlements as well as increased encounter rates and conflicts (Kattan et al 2004, Dickman 2010, Ripple et al 2014, Srivathsa et al 2019). The brown bear is a high-conflict species around the world (Ambarli and Bilgin 2008, Dharaiya 2009, Can et al 2014, Fortin et al 2016, Bombieri et al 2019) and is one of the species that has a high level of conflict throughout its distributional areas in Iran (Marashi et al 2017, Madadi et al 2020). Also, wildlife conservation without recognition of human needs and perspectives has led to human–wildlife conflicts and increased related concerns (Browne Nunez and Jonker 2008, Liu et al 2011, Piedallu et al 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

Human–brown bear conflicts in the North of Iran: Implication for conflict management

Madadi,

Nezami,

Kaboli

et al. 2023

Ursus

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Identifying factors that influence human–wildlife conflict and people's attitudes toward carnivores can help managers mitigate conflicts and improve wildlife management. In this study, we used a questionnaire and conducted 230 interviews to evaluate some aspects of conflicts between local communities and brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Mazandaran Province in the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran between 2009 and 2019. The questionnaire included the variables age group, education level, occupation, and source of income as well as experience with attacks and damage to agricultural properties, livestock, and beehives. Damage by brown bears to orchards was reported by 44% of respondents and to beehives by 32%; these were the main conflict causes. Brown bear attacks on humans occurred while humans were hunting, sheepherding, and collecting medicinal plants. About 30% of respondents were opposed to the presence of bears in nature because of economic losses they suffered due to bears, and people's attitudes toward predators were mainly influenced by economic factors. Understanding different patterns of human–brown bear conflicts can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is essential for informing conflict mitigation measures in the area. Moreover, education programs on brown bear behavior and implementation of compensation methods can reduce human–brown bear conflicts.

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“…240 Enraged, the Shah ordered the confiscation of all copies of the newspaper and all issues of the educational magazine. 241 Furthermore, the owner and the editor Ettela'at were both arrested. The owner was questioned in jail for five days, while the editor was imprisoned for three months and banned from the publishing business.…”

Section: While Generally Preferring German Theorists Taqizadeh Borromentioning

confidence: 99%

Politics of Persian Purity

Mechkat¹

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In the following passage, Sir Percy Sykes narrates a story used by the British government to delegitimize the central government's neutrality during the war: "On November 15 there was a trial of strength between the hostile powers. The Shah, unnerved, piteously sought advice on ever side, and at one time had apparently made up his mind to quit the capital and drive to Shah Abdul Azim, where the ministers of the Central Powers were awaiting him. But the British and Russian Ministers pointed out that by breaking his neutrality and joining the representatives of the Central Powers His Majesty would endanger his throne. Then Farman Farma appeared on the scene and, as a Prince of the Kajar tribe, appealed to the Shah not to wreck the dynasty ; and so fervid and so cogent were his arguments that the Shah decided to remain at Teheran. Yet, late at night, he was seized with a panic and wished to ride off on horseback to join the Germans. Farman Farma, however, was watching and prevented this act of madness…There were many rumours of an alliance.

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Seasonal human-brown bear conflicts in northern Iran: implications for conservation

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Cinematic Governmentality: Cinema and Education in Modern Iran, 1900s–1930s

Cinematic Governmentality: Cinema and Education in Modern Iran, 1900s–1930s

Human–brown bear conflicts in the North of Iran: Implication for conflict management

Politics of Persian Purity

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