Seasonal growth, ?13C in leaves and stem, and phloem structure of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentrations

Matyssek, Rainer; Günthardt‐Goerg, Madeleine S.; Saurer, Matthias; Keller, Th.

doi:10.1007/bf00226583

Cited by 112 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Reduced root growth at elevated O $ may be caused by reductions in available C from photosynthesis (Saxe, 1991) ; an increased C demand for aboveground repair or replacement mechanisms (Kelly et al, 1993 ;Pearson & Mansfield, 1994) ; and\or by impaired phloem functioning (Spence et al, 1990 ;Matyssek et al, 1992). In our study, at least part of the declining root : shoot ratio in the 12 provenances could have been caused by a decline in photosynthesis, though the decline of A max became significant only late in the second season.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 54%

Responses to ozone in 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica): genotypic variation and chamber effects on photosynthesis and dry‐matter partitioning

Paludan-Müller¹,

Saxe²,

Leverenz³

1999

New Phytologist

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Seedlings of 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were exposed to ambient, non-filtered air (NF) or NFj50 nl l −" ozone (NF50) for 8 h d −" in open-top chambers (OTCs), from 1 June to 4 October 1995. In 1996 exposure was continued from 31 May to 1 October at four levels : charcoal-filtered air (CF), NF, NF50 and NFj100 nl l −" ozone (NF100). Provenances were grown for both seasons in outside reference plots. All treatments were replicated. Ozone did not affect gas exchange in the provenances until late in the second season. NF100 reduced photosynthesis by 18% in August 1996 compared to CF. In September, photosynthesis was reduced by 22% in NF50 and by 29% in NF100. After two seasons, ozone reduced the root : shoot ratio by 24% when comparing CF and NF100 ; this was caused by reductions in the root biomass. Ozone did not affect height growth or stem diameter, and there were no ozoneiprovenance interactions for any growth parameter. There was, however, a significant ozoneiprovenance interaction for photosynthesis, showing northwest European provenances to be more sensitive to ozone than southeast European provenances when comparing dose-response estimates. This is interpreted in terms of genetic adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to regional growing conditions. Seedlings in the chambers grew 45% taller, and had 28% more shoot biomass and 29% smaller root biomass, resulting in a 44% reduction of root : shoot ratios compared to seedlings outside. Increased temperature and decreased PAR inside the chambers relative to the outside were probably the main causes for the differences. The magnitude of the chamber effects in OTCs raises doubts about conclusions drawn from ozone exposures in such chambers. This and previous ozone experiments with OTCs may have reached inaccurate conclusions concerning the size of ozone responses due to chamber effects.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 54%

Responses to ozone in 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica): genotypic variation and chamber effects on photosynthesis and dry‐matter partitioning

Paludan-Müller¹,

Saxe²,

Leverenz³

1999

New Phytologist

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“…Wang ef a/., 1986;Pye, 1988 ;Mortensen & Skre, 1990;. Matyssek et al (1992) have previously reported advanced discoloration of birch leaves with increasing ozone concentration by the end of the growing season in field fumigation chambers. Our observations also indicate a clear connection between elevated ozone concentrations and enhanced seasonal yellowing of leaves in field conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and stomatal responses of birch (Betula pendula Roth.) clones to ozone in open‐air and chamber fumigations

et al. 1993

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SUMMARYIt is evident that even outside the classical high ozone areas some plant species are at risk. In this study seedlings of five birch clones {Betula pendula Roth.) were exposed to a slightly elevated ozone level in an open-field experiment over two growing seasons. The ozone doses were 1-2 x (1991) and 1-5 x (1992) higher than the ambient. The clones were also fumigated with 150 nl 1 ' ozone for 24 d (12 h d"^) in a chamber experiment. They were found to differ in their susceptibility to ozone: ozone fumigation decreased the height growth and leaf biomass, and increased the amount of advanced visible injury in leaves of the most sensitive clone, but did not affect the height growth or amount of visible injury of the most tolerant clone. The other three clones were intermediate with respect to their sensitivity to ozone. In all clones, elevated O., concentrations increased diffusive resistance to water vapour but increased the stomatal density in the emerging leaves. The appearance of autumn colouririg was accelerated in the field experiments. The results support the conclusion that birch populations in Finland can be negatively affected by ozone. The effect is most likely in sensitive birch individuals during ozone episodes.

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“…Among broadleaved trees it appears that the growth of birch, aspen and poplar is particularly sensitive to O $ . Commonly, growth reductions or premature senescence are reported within one exposure season (birch, Matyssek et al (1992, Pa$ a$ kko$ nen, Holopainen & Ka$ renlampi (1995 a, 1997 a), Pa$ a$ kko$ nen et al (1995 b, 1996) ; American aspen (Populus tremuloides), Keller (1988) ; hybrid poplar (Populus euramericana), Matyssek et al (1993), Mooi (1980)). European beech is also O $ -sensitive, and growth reductions and premature senescence have been detected in several recent studies (Ku$ ppers et al, 1994 ;Pearson & Mansfield, 1994 ;Braun & Flu$ ckiger, 1995 ;Krause & Ho$ ckel, 1995 ;Steingro$ ver et al, 1995 ;Mikkelsen & Jorgensen, 1996 ;Mortensen, Bastrup-Birk & Ro-Poulsen, 1996).…”

Section: Seedlings\saplingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of ozone on forests: a European perspective

et al. 1998

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In comparison with the effects of extended drought periods or severe nutrient stress, those of ozone are generally much milder, at least with respect to growth. However, there is substantial evidence from experiments, in the main using young saplings, that O $ does impose a stress on forest trees under European conditions. Decreased chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rates, changes in carbon allocation, increased antioxidant activity, and reductions in biomass due to O $ have often been recorded, particularly in fast-growing species. Furthermore, O $ appears to weaken the trees' resilience to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Interactions between O $ and climatic stress, in particular drought and frost hardiness, are likely to result in potentially detrimental effects.A link between the occurrence of O $ and forest damage is not unequivocally established in Europe, and the problem remains of extrapolating and\or scaling up from studies on seedlings to predict responses to O $ of mature trees and forest stands, because we know so little about acclimation to O$ . An accurate assessment is also lacking of the magnitude of the O $ effect on European trees both in terms of the forest areas affected and its extent. In this review we suggest that C allocation is the key factor underlying the responses of trees to O $ . Stomata also play a key role, since the acquisition of C must be achieved while an effective control over water consumption is retained.Key words : Seedlings, mature trees, growth, drought, frost, ozone. Statistical evaluation of annual surveys of forest condition in Europe (UNECE, ICP Forests) over the last decade has shown that tree crown condition in the main damage areas cannot be wholly explained by the location, nature and climate of the site (Mu$ ller-Edzardz et al., 1997). This might imply an important role for external factors such as air pollutants in the decline of tree health. One quarter of the coniferous trees assessed were damaged ( 20 % defoliation) and damage was worst in central

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Seasonal growth, ?13C in leaves and stem, and phloem structure of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentrations

Cited by 112 publications

References 23 publications

Responses to ozone in 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica): genotypic variation and chamber effects on photosynthesis and dry‐matter partitioning

Responses to ozone in 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica): genotypic variation and chamber effects on photosynthesis and dry‐matter partitioning

Growth and stomatal responses of birch (Betula pendula Roth.) clones to ozone in open‐air and chamber fumigations

Impacts of ozone on forests: a European perspective

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