Seasonal food consumption patterns and dietary diversity of rural preschool Ghanaian and Malawian children<sup>2</sup><sup>3</sup>

Ferguson, Elaine; Gibson, Rosalind S.; Opare-Obisaw, Clara; Osei‐Opare, Frema; Lamba, Christine; Ôunpuu, Stephanie

doi:10.1080/03670244.1993.9991307

Cited by 61 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In order to determine the nutrient adequacy of the diet, the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR,%) was calculated for each of 11 micronutrients (vitamins A, B 6 , B 12 and C, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, calcium, iron and zinc) and energy and protein. NAR was calculated as the intake of a nutrient divided by the recommended intake for that nutrient (RNI), using WHO/FAO recommended intakes 19 which are set at two standard deviations above the average requirements.…”

Section: Diet Diversity and Food Variety Scoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a summary of seven studies reviewed by Ruel, five found a positive association between dietary diversity score and nutrient adequacy 10 . Of the studies focusing on young children, a positive correlation was found between dietary diversity score and nutrient adequacy in Mali 4 , Kenya 6 and Niger 7 , while inconsistent results or no correlation were found in Guatemala 11 , Ghana 12 and Malawi 12 . Greater dietary diversity was associated with improved nutrient adequacy in children 4-8 years of age in Kenya 13 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?

Steyn

Nel

Nantel

et al. 2006

Public Health Nutr.

569

450

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Objective: To assess whether a food variety score (FVS) and/or a dietary diversity score (DDS) are good indicators of nutrient adequacy of the diet of South African children. Methods: Secondary data analyses were undertaken with nationally representative data of 1-8-year-old children (n ¼ 2200) studied in the National Food Consumption Study in 1999. An average FVS (mean number of different food items consumed from all possible items eaten) and DDS (mean number of food groups out of nine possible groups) were calculated. A nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) is the ratio of a subject's nutrient intake to the estimated average requirement calculated using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2002) recommended nutrient intakes for children. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as the sum of NARs for all evaluated nutrients divided by the number of nutrients evaluated, expressed as a percentage. MAR was used as a composite indicator for micronutrient adequacy. Pearson correlation coefficients between FVS, DDS and MAR were calculated and also evaluated for sensitivity and specificity, with MAR taken as the ideal standard of adequate intake. The relationships between MAR and DDS and between anthropometric Z-scores and DDS were also evaluated. Results: The children had a mean FVS of 5.5 (standard deviation (SD) 2.5) and a mean DDS of 3.6 (SD 1.4). The mean MAR (ideal ¼ 100%) was 50%, and was lowest (45%) in the 7-8-year-old group. The items with the highest frequency of consumption were from the cereal, roots and tuber group (99.6%), followed by the 'other group' (87.6%) comprising items such as tea, sugar, jam and sweets. The dairy group was consumed by 55.8%, meat group by 54.1%, fats by 38.9%, other vegetables by 30.8%, vitamin-A-rich by 23.8%, other fruit by 22%, legumes and nuts by 19.7% and eggs by 13.3%. There was a high correlation between MAR and both FVS (r ¼ 0.726; P , 0.0001) and DDS (r ¼ 0.657; P , 0.0001), indicating that either FVS or DDS can be used as an indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet. Furthermore, MAR, DDS and FVS showed significant correlations with height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores, indicating a strong relationship between dietary diversity and indicators of child growth. A DDS of 4 and an FVS of 6 were shown to be the best indicators of MAR less than 50%, since they provided the best sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Either FVS or DDS can be used as a simple and quick indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet.

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Section: Diet Diversity and Food Variety Scoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?

Steyn

Nel

Nantel

et al. 2006

Public Health Nutr.

569

450

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Dietary diversity is important for the wellbeing of humans [45,46]. An inexpensive bowl of beans or other grain legumes would benefit many people.…”

Section: A Bowl Of Beansmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bean – Naturally Bridging Agriculture and Human Wellbeing

Høgh‐Jensen¹,

Myaka²,

Kamalongo³

et al. 2013

Food Industry

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“…The community group leaders chose the project name 'Tulimbe', which means 'let us be strong', because it embodies the idea of empowerment or self-reliance. Children aged 3 to 7 years were chosen as the target group because they are no longer being breast-fed 22 and consume a high-phytate diet in which more than 50% of energy is from maize 15 . Therefore, our phytate reduction strategies had the potential to enhance the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in these rural children's diets.…”

Section: Study Population and Survey Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For some mixed dishes, average recipes compiled by Ferguson et al 15 and Hotz 28 were used. Average daily intakes and major food sources of nutrients (including available iron and zinc) and antinutrients were calculated by meal using the WorldFood Dietary Assessment System 2.0 29 , a Malawi food composition database derived from analysed trace element and phytate values 30 and the International Minilist nutrient database 29 .…”

Section: Assessment Of Food Consumption Patterns and Nutrient Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to enhance micronutrient adequacy of high-phytate maize-based diets of rural Malawian children

Yeudall

Gibson

Cullinan

et al. 2005

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to reduce risk of micronutrient inadequacies in high-phytate maize-based Malawian diets. Design: Quasi-experimental post-test design with a non-equivalent control group. Setting: Four villages in Mangochi District, Southern Malawi. Participants: Households with children aged 3-7 years in two intervention (n ¼ 200) and two control (n ¼ 81) villages participated in a 6-month intervention employing dietary diversification, changes in food selection patterns, and modifications to food processing to reduce the phytate content of maize-based diets. Baseline comparability between the groups was confirmed via assessment of sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, knowledge and practices, morbidity, haemoglobin and hair zinc. After 12 months, knowledge and practices and dietary intakes were assessed by interactive 24-hour recalls, one during the food plenty and a second during the food shortage season. Nutrient adequacy for the two groups was compared via dietary quality indicators and predicted prevalence of inadequate intakes using the probability approach. Results: Intervention children had diets that were significantly more diverse and of a higher quality than those of controls. Median daily intakes of protein, calcium, zinc (total and available), haem iron, vitamin B 12 and animal foods (grams; % of total energy) were higher (P , 0.05) whereas phytate intakes, phytate/zinc and phytate/iron molar ratios were lower (P , 0.01) in the intervention group; some spread of knowledge and practices to controls occurred. Conclusions: Our community-based dietary strategies reduced the predicted prevalence of inadequate intakes of protein, calcium, zinc and vitamin B 12 , but not iron, in children from Malawian households with very limited resources.

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Seasonal food consumption patterns and dietary diversity of rural preschool Ghanaian and Malawian children²³

Cited by 61 publications

References 16 publications

Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?

Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?

The Bean – Naturally Bridging Agriculture and Human Wellbeing

Efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to enhance micronutrient adequacy of high-phytate maize-based diets of rural Malawian children

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Seasonal food consumption patterns and dietary diversity of rural preschool Ghanaian and Malawian children23

Cited by 61 publications

References 16 publications

Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?

Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?

The Bean – Naturally Bridging Agriculture and Human Wellbeing

Efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to enhance micronutrient adequacy of high-phytate maize-based diets of rural Malawian children

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Product

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Seasonal food consumption patterns and dietary diversity of rural preschool Ghanaian and Malawian children²³