Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Microbiome in Response to Dry-Wet Alternation along the Jinsha River Dry-hot Valley

Abstract

Background Soil microorganisms play a key role in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and other important ecosystem processes, yet their response to seasonal dry-wet alternation remains poorly understood. Here, we collected 120 soil samples from dry-hot valleys (DHVs, ~1100 m a.s.l.), transition (~2000 m a.s.l.) and alpine zones (~3000 m a.s.l.) along the Jinsha River in southwest China during both wet and dry seasons. Our aims were to investigate the bacterial microbiome across these zones, with a specific focus on the difference between wet and dry seasons. Results Despite seasonal variations, bacterial communities in DHVs exhibit resilience, maintaining consistent community richness, diversity, and coverage. This suggests that the microbes inhabiting DHVs have evolved adaptive mechanisms to withstand the extreme dry and hot conditions. In addition, we observed season-specific microbial clades in all sampling areas, highlighting their resilience and adaptability to environmental fluctuations. Notably, we found similarities in microbial clades between soils from DHVs and the transition zones, including the phyla Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria. The neutral community model respectively explained a substantial proportion of the community variation in DHVs (87.7%), transition (81.4%) and alpine zones (81%), indicating that those were predominantly driven by stochastic processes. Our results showed that migration rates were higher in the dry season than in the wet season in both DHVs and the alpine zones, suggesting fewer diffusion constraints. However, this trend was reversed in the transition zones. Conclusions Our findings contribute to a better understanding of how the soil microbiome responds to seasonal dry-wet alternation in the Jinsha River valley. These insights can be valuable for optimizing soil health and enhancing ecosystem resilience, particularly in dry-hot valleys, in the context of climate change.