Seasonal dynamics of airborne culturable fungi and its year-round diversity monitoring in Dahuting Han Dynasty Tomb of China

Liu, Zhijian; Zhu, Hangyao; Wu, Minnan; Li, Yonghui; Cao, Hongwei; Rong, Rui

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155990

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The microorganisms in the tomb environment at home and abroad are a complex system. It has been reported that fungi and bacteria coexist and change with seasons [21][22][23]. As mentioned above, there is little research on the electron beam radiation of mineral pigments at present, and the pigments used in the existing murals in China are all ancient mineral pigments, so it is very important and meaningful to study the radiation effect and its influence mechanism.…”

Section: Whitementioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Influence of Electron Beam Radiation Sterilization Method on Chinese Mural Pigment

et al. 2023

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Murals are one of the important cultural heritages of mankind. The microbial control of murals is an important subject in mural painting conservation. In recent years, electron beam radiation sterilization has attracted more and more attention in the field of cultural relic protection. Murals are immovable cultural relics, so conventional electron beam irradiation equipment can not be used. However, the development of small mobile electron beam irradiation equipment shows the potential of radiation’s application in the sterilization protection of immovable cultural relics such as murals. A feasibility study of radiation sterilization in mural paintings is needed to investigate the effect of sterilization and the influence of sterilization dose on the stability of mural painting pigments and bonding materials. In this paper, the radiation effects of typical bacteria in tomb murals and mineral pigment powder in ancient Chinese paintings were studied in a laboratory. Firstly, aeromonas hydrophila (Aer.h) and penicillium flavigenum (PNC) were selected as representative strains to determine the appropriate sterilization dose for murals. Then, the effects of radiation on seven kinds of ancient Chinese mineral pigments and white calcium carbonate in the ground layer were verified. The results are as follows: the radiation dose of 10 kGy can effectively remove the two typical strains. This sterilization dose will cause a color difference in calcium carbonate and lead white, while other color pigments are essentially stable. Based on the color difference and UV-vis intensities of the four white carbonate samples, the color change in two of them increased with increasing the dose up to 30 kGy, after which signs of saturation began to appear. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra showed that the chemical structure of the samples did not change after irradiation. The formation of free radicals in treated samples was confirmed using an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum test. According to all characterization results, the color difference between the four white carbonate samples may be due to the combination of unpaired electrons and defects in the process of electron beam irradiation to form color centers. After forming the color center, the light absorption of the four samples changed. This is a reversible change, but the samples will take a long time to return to their original state. This study focuses on the influence of electron beam radiation on pigment composition, which is a preliminary exploration of whether radiation sterilization can be applied to the protection of ancient Chinese mural paintings, and the experimental results can provide basic data for later application.

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Section: Whitementioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Influence of Electron Beam Radiation Sterilization Method on Chinese Mural Pigment

et al. 2023

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“…On the other hand, in degraded ecosystems (e.g., karstic desertification zones), the interaction of microorganisms with rock minerals produces protons, hydroxyl ions, or metal-chelating metabolic products that alter the dynamics of rock surface reactions ( Rogers and Bennett, 2004 ), facilitate weathering processes and form soils that are important contributors to the ecological restoration of degraded areas. As a result, the biological weathering of rocks has received widespread attention ( Warscheid and Braams, 2000 ; Gaylarde and Gaylarde, 2004 ; Checcucci et al, 2022 ; Liu et al, 2022 ; Wu et al, 2022 ). The biological deterioration of rocks and lithic artefacts is a complex process of microbial action in which a rich diversity of microorganisms are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes ( Sáiz-Jiménez, 1999 ; Warscheid and Braams, 2000 ; Gaylarde and Gaylarde, 2004 ; Gadd, 2017 ; Liu et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in composition and potential functional genes of microbial communities on carbonatite rinds with different weathering times

Chen

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Organisms and time are important factors for rock weathering to form soils. However, weathering time is usually difficult to quantitatively study, and the potential microorganisms involved in rock weathering are difficult to identify qualitatively. Currently, there is no clear conclusion on how ecological strategies of carbonatite weathering rind microorganisms change with weathering time, and how the microbial composition and functional genes involved in element cycling change over two century-scale weathering time. In this study, we selected abandoned carbonate tombstones as the subject and used the date when the tombstones were erected by humans as the onset of weathering. Using metagenome sequencing methods, we investigated the trends in the composition of fungal, bacterial and archaeal communities of carbonate weathering rind and related elemental cycle functional genes during a weathering time of 19 to 213 years. The results showed that: (1) with the increase in weathering time, at the phylum level, microbial taxa gradually shifted from r-strategists (faster turnover rates, higher mortality rates, higher reproduction, lower competition rate) to K-strategists (slower turnover rates, lower mortality rates, lower reproduction, higher competition rate), which correspondingly increased the abundance of functional genes related to C and N cycles. (2) The properties of the parent rock layer determines the colonization and distribution of weathering rind microorganisms (especially prokaryotic microorganisms) and the corresponding functional gene abundance. Our study provides new insights into the weathering process of carbonate rocks.

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“…These studies show that cultural relics can provide ideal habitats for microbial colonization and growth ( Pruvost et al, 2011 ; Sterflinger and Pinzari, 2012 ; Sterflinger and Piñar, 2013 ; Piñar et al, 2015 ). Fungi are ubiquitous colonists, and according to some researchers, they are the most important factor in the deterioration of cultural heritage materials in the outdoor environment ( Masaphy et al, 2014 ; Liu et al, 2022 ). Over time, cultural relics are often contaminated and colonized by fungi ( Milanesi et al, 2006 ; Pepe et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and control of fungal deterioration on the surface of pottery figurines unearthed from the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty

Wang

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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In April 2020, 232 tombs of the Western Han Dynasty were found in Sundayuan, Heze City. In total, 141 pottery figurines of significant historical, cultural, and artistic value were unearthed from the tombs. Some of the figurines are currently being stored in warehouses, and the surface of some of the figurines show fungal deterioration. To thoroughly analyze the fungal deterioration on the surface of the pottery figurines and find appropriate control methods, we used high-through sequencing, scanning electron microscopy observation, pure cultures of culturable fungi, and optical microscopy observation and molecular identification of culturable fungi. We conducted fungistatic and simulation experiments in the laboratory to find appropriate control methods. We found that the fungi on the surface of the figurines were mainly of the phylum Ascomycota, and a few fungi were of the phyla Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota. We isolated seven culturable fungal strains and observed their colony morphology. The seven fungal strains were Lecanicillium aphanocladii, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Clonostachys rosea, Mortierella sp., Mortierella alpina, Aspergillus flavus, and Cladosporium halotolerans. Through the fungistatic and simulation experiments conducted in the laboratory, we found that 50 mg/ml cinnamaldehyde and 0.5% K100 (2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) have a good fungistatic effect. They can not only inhibit the growth of fungi on medium, but also inhibit the growth of fungi on the surface of pottery figurines. This study has good reference significance for the analysis and control of fungal deterioration of unearthed pottery figurines.

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Seasonal dynamics of airborne culturable fungi and its year-round diversity monitoring in Dahuting Han Dynasty Tomb of China

Cited by 5 publications

References 45 publications

Study on the Influence of Electron Beam Radiation Sterilization Method on Chinese Mural Pigment

Study on the Influence of Electron Beam Radiation Sterilization Method on Chinese Mural Pigment

Change in composition and potential functional genes of microbial communities on carbonatite rinds with different weathering times

Analysis and control of fungal deterioration on the surface of pottery figurines unearthed from the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty

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