Seasonal Distribution of Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses and Reoviruses in Urban River Water

Abstract

In the 63-month period from January 1988 to March 1993, monthly levels of adenoviruses, enteroviruses (coxsackie B, polio, echo) and reoviruses in the urban river water in Nara Prefecture, Japan were in the range 0-25, 0-190 and 0-325, plaque forming units per liter (PFU/liter), and the average levels were 2.4, 40.6 and 56.2 PFU/liter, respectively. The peak reovirus level was found in winter during the cold weather months (Nov. to Mar.). The peak enterovirus level was found in summer (May to Sept.) but continued to be found in autumn-winter (Oct. to Jan.) from 1991 to 1993. The levels of adenoviruses were low throughout all 5 years, as compared to those of reoviruses and enteroviruses. Polioviruses were isolated following the administration of vaccine. Although a changing pattern of serotype prevalence was seen with the coxsackie B viruses and echoviruses from 1988 to 1993, this is not so for polioviruses, which remained almost unchanged for the five-year period. Adenoviruses were isolated throughout all five years, though in small numbers. Reoviruses were isolated most frequently throughout five years.

Enteric Viruses of Humans and Animals in Aquatic Environments: Health Risks, Detection, and Potential Water Quality Assessment Tools

“…In contrast to the notion that only those adenoviruses that infect the intestinal tract of the host will be excreted in feces, adenoviruses type 5, the nonenteric adenovirus strain that accounts for 11% of clinical adenovirus cases reported to World Health Organization, is also frequently detected in aquatic environments (93,151).…”

Detection of Enteroviruses and Mammalian Reoviruses in Korean Environmental Waters

“…It was reversely transcribed into enterovirus and reovirus cDNA, respectively. Enterovirus, reovirus, HAV, and adenovirus-specific primers were prepared based on the sequences reported previously (7,11,22). cDNA was amplified using each set of primer pairs for enterovirus (Et1 (ϩ) 5'-CCTCCGGCCCCTGAATG-3'/ Et2 (Ϫ) 5'-ACCGGATGGCCAATCCAA-3'), HAV (HAV1 (ϩ) 5'-CAGCACATCAGAAAGGTGAG-3'/ HAV2 (Ϫ) 5'-CTCCAGAATCATCTCCAA-3'), and adenovirus (A1 (ϩ) 5'-GCCCCAGTGGTCTTACATGCACATC-3'/ A2 (Ϫ) 5'-CAGCACGCCGCGGATGTCAAAGT-3') in DNA thermal cycler 480 (Perkin Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Conn., U.S.A.) for 33 cycles.…”

“…While most virus-monitoring methods mainly target enteroviruses in water samples, we targeted reoviruses as well as other enteric viruses, including adenoviruses and HAV (20,21). Reoviruses are known to be present in water in greater numbers than enteroviruses, and have been frequently detected in surface waters either alone or associated with enteroviruses (22).…”

Incorporating susceptible subpopulations in microbial risk assessment: pediatric exposures to enteroviruses in river water

“…Polioviruses, coxsackievirus A and B, and echoviruses have been found in rivers (e.g., Payment et al, 1988;Miyama et al, 1992;Tani et al, 1995), but coxsackievirus A and B and echoviruses have also been reported in lakes (D'Alessio et al, 1981) and swimming pools (Kee et al, 1994). Sources of waterborne enteroviruses suggested in the scientific literature include sewage (Oostvort et al, 1994;Van der Avoort et al, 1995), storm sewer discharge and runoff (D'Alessio et al, 1981), human activities (Payment et al, 1988;Kee et al, 1994), and diapers and sullage (Field et al, 1968).…”