Seasonal Deterioration of Unsurfaced Roads

Shoop, Sally A.; Haehnel, Robert B.; Janoo, Vincent C.; Harjes, D.; Liston, Ronald A.

doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2006)132:7(852)

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…More generally, the appearance of ripples on a granular surface under tangential stress is reminiscent of other sorts of wind-and water-driven ripples [2], and of dune formation [3]. This resemblance suggests that this problem, which is well-discussed in the engineering literature [1,4,5,6,7,8], might benefit from the simplifications of a physics-oriented approach.Engineering models of washboard formation range from coupled, damped pendulum models [5,6] to full continuum simulations of the deformable road surface [8]. Numerous experimental studies have been undertaken, from laboratory scale rigs [4,5,6] to full scale road tests [7].…”

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“…Engineering models of washboard formation range from coupled, damped pendulum models [5,6] to full continuum simulations of the deformable road surface [8]. Numerous experimental studies have been undertaken, from laboratory scale rigs [4,5,6] to full scale road tests [7].…”

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Washboard Road: The Dynamics of Granular Ripples Formed by Rolling Wheels

2007

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Granular surfaces tend to develop lateral ripples under the action of surface forces exerted by rolling wheels, an effect known as washboard or corrugated road. We report the results of both laboratory experiments and soft-particle direct numerical simulations. Above a critical speed, the ripple pattern appears as small patches of traveling waves which eventually spread to the entire circumference. The ripples drift slowly in the driving direction. Interesting secondary dynamics of the saturated ripples were observed, as well as various ripple creation and destruction events. All of these effects are captured qualitatively by 2D soft particle simulations in which a disk rolls over a bed of poly-disperse particles in a periodic box. These simulations show that compaction and segregation are inessential to the ripple phenomenon. We also discuss a simplified scaling model which gives some insight into the mechanism of the instability. Ripples which spontaneously appear due to the action of rolling wheels on unpaved roads bedevil transportation worldwide, especially in developing countries [1]. This effect, known as corrugated or washboard road, can severely limit the usefulness of unsurfaced roads. More generally, the appearance of ripples on a granular surface under tangential stress is reminiscent of other sorts of wind-and water-driven ripples [2], and of dune formation [3]. This resemblance suggests that this problem, which is well-discussed in the engineering literature [1,4,5,6,7,8], might benefit from the simplifications of a physics-oriented approach.Engineering models of washboard formation range from coupled, damped pendulum models [5,6] to full continuum simulations of the deformable road surface [8]. Numerous experimental studies have been undertaken, from laboratory scale rigs [4,5,6] to full scale road tests [7]. In all cases, however, the engineering goal was to understand all the complexities of the system and to mitigate or eliminate the effect. In contrast, we aim to understand the simplest system that exhibits washboard road and to study it as a nonlinear, pattern forming instability. Only a few theoretical studies of this kind have appeared in the physics literature [9,10]. In addition to carrying out well instrumented laboratory-scale experiments, we present here the first application of softparticle Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations to this problem. We also present a simple theoretical treatment in order to gain some insight into the fundamental mechanism of the instability and to understand the scaling and important dimensionless groups.The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. The road consists of a deep layer of sand arranged on the circumference of a 1 m diameter rotating table. We used natural, rough sand with a grain diameter of 300 ± 100 µm and the bed was typically 50 mm deep. A 100 mm diameter, 20 mm thick hard rubber wheel was attached to a 330 mm long arm in the form of a lever. The wheel rolled freely on the sand bed as the table rotated at a constant speed. No torque was ...

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Washboard Road: The Dynamics of Granular Ripples Formed by Rolling Wheels

2007

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“…In this model, an average deterioration in points per day on an 8-point scale was determined for overall condition, potholes, rutting, and washboards. Shoop et al [11] studied seasonal deterioration on unsurfaced roads. In this research, the most common distresses, rutting and washboard, have been studied over several years.…”

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Developing an Optimization Model to Manage Unpaved Roads

Saha

Ksaibati

2017

Journal of Advanced Transportation

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While approximately two-thirds of the total centerline miles are unpaved in the state of Wyoming, there is no optimization program for managing these roads. Unlike paved roads, unpaved roads deteriorate from excellent to failed conditions in sometimes less than a year. This deterioration rate necessitates developing a novel methodology for managing them efficiently. When funding is limited, it is important to identify the best mix of road preservation projects that provides the most benefits to society in terms of overall life cycle cost of the road network. This research intends to develop a management system using optimization techniques for managing unpaved roads within limited budget. The common factors that play the most important role for identifying projects are road condition parameters, unpaved road deterioration model, treatment types, cost-factors associated with selecting treatment types, traffic counts, budget, and treatment cost. Road condition parameters include cross section, roadside drainage, rutting, potholes, loose aggregate, dust, corrugation, and ride quality. This methodology will facilitate a statewide implementation of unpaved road management system for counties in Wyoming. The methodology can be easily adopted by other states interested in the management of gravel roads.

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“…Rigorous models capable of relating wheel forces to fundamental soil mechanical properties are comparatively scarce but nevertheless can be found in the literature. These include the analytical and semi-analytical solutions proposed by Marshall (1968), Dagan and Tulin (1969), Collins (1972Collins ( , 1978, Karafiath and Nowatzki (1978), Petryk (1983), Tordesillas and Shi (2000), and Hambleton and Drescher (2009a), as well as the numerical models developed using either finite element or discrete element methods by Yong et al (1978), Liu and Wong (1996), Fervers (2004), Chiroux et al (2005), Shoop et al (2006aShoop et al ( , 2006b, Asaf et al (2006), Drescher (2009a, 2009b), Modenese (2013), Johnson et al (2015), Xiao and Zhang (2016), Ozaki and Kondo (2016) and Nishiyama et al (2016) among others. Alternative mathematical models, developed ad hoc from theoretical considerations or experimental evidence (e.g., Higa et al, 2015) or based on simplifying physical assumptions (e.g., Gray et al, 2016), can also be found in the literature.…”

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Predicting wheel forces using bearing capacity theory for general planar loads

Stanier

Hambleton

2017

IJVP

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This paper assesses the applicability of bearing capacity theory for evaluating the forces generated on wheels operating on clay under steady rolling conditions. Considering advances in bearing capacity theory, in particular the interaction diagrams developed for general loading, a theoretical model for computing the horizontal force or torque from fundamental input parameters such as the vertical force (weight), wheel diameter, and undrained shear strength of the soil is presented. The predictions are compared with existing analytical solutions and data from laboratory testing, and reasonable agreement is demonstrated. The newly proposed model provides a means to predict wheel forces analytically under any operating condition (driven, braked, or towed), provided the contact length and so-called contact angle, which defines the position of the contact interface, can be estimated. The model provides a rigorous, convenient framework for evaluating wheel forces under arbitrary loading and enables a natural physical interpretation of the mobility problem.Keywords: soil-wheel interaction; mobility; bearing capacity; interaction diagrams; yield envelopes; clay.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Hambleton, J.P. and Stanier, S.A. (2017) 'Predicting wheel forces using bearing capacity theory for general planar loads ', Int. J. Vehicle Performance, Vol. 3, No. 1, 72 J.P. Hambleton and S.A. StanierBiographical notes: J.P. Hambleton received his Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Minnesota. After completing his PhD in 2010, he worked at The University of Newcastle, Australia, first as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate and then as a Senior Lecturer in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Geotechnical Science and Engineering (CGSE). In 2016, he joined the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Northwestern University as an Assistant Professor. His main research interests are in computational plasticity, geotechnical analysis, contact mechanics, soil-machine interaction, and the analysis of problems involving unsteady plastic flow.Sam A. Stanier obtained a PhD in Geotechnical Engineering from the University of Sheffield in the UK in 2011 with a thesis focused on using transparent soils to model the failure mechanisms of helical screw piles. Since then he has held various research roles at the Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems at UWA, working on projects exploring spudcan punch-through, developing image-based deformation measurement techniques and measuring pipe-soil interaction parameters using shallow penetrometers. He is currently a Research Fellow working on geotechnical aspects of the scope of the ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Offshore Floating Facilities.

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Seasonal Deterioration of Unsurfaced Roads

Cited by 29 publications

References 3 publications

Washboard Road: The Dynamics of Granular Ripples Formed by Rolling Wheels

Washboard Road: The Dynamics of Granular Ripples Formed by Rolling Wheels

Developing an Optimization Model to Manage Unpaved Roads

Predicting wheel forces using bearing capacity theory for general planar loads

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