Seasonal changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations in llamas and alpacas

Smith, Bruce P.; Saun, Robert J. Van

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1187

Cited by 31 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…92 Similar findings were found in alpacas in two separate reports. 86,91 Camelid breeders in high-risk areas are advised to supplement crias using injectable vitamin D-containing products 2 or 3 times during the winter months to provide 1000 IU/kg body weight. 86 Most products also include vitamins A and E. The effects last approximately 2 months.…”

Section: Flexural Limb Deformitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vitamin D 3 production is also seasonal; blood concentrations drop during the winter months because of reduced UV light availability. [90][91][92] Heavy cloud cover reduces UV penetration to Earth's surface. It is believed that reduced exposure to UV radiation at low altitudes and nonequatorial latitudes (i.e., outside of South America) reduces vitamin D activation in skin.…”

Section: Flexural Limb Deformitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neonatology and Neonatal Disorders

Whitehead¹,

Cebra²

2014

Llama and Alpaca Care

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Section: Flexural Limb Deformitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flexural Limb Deformitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatology and Neonatal Disorders

Whitehead¹,

Cebra²

2014

Llama and Alpaca Care

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“…211 In this study, crias born in autumn/winter had lower vitamin D concentrations and were more likely to develop rickets than were those born in summer. 211 The reason may be that these animals receive less vitamin D via the placenta or colostrum because of the low level of solar radiation at that time of year, 182 and a young cria's diet consists substantially of milk, which is low in vitamin D. 211 Interestingly, alpacas appear to be more susceptible to rickets than sheep. In an outbreak in New Zealand, alpacas became hypophosphatemic and developed rickets during winter months (Fig.…”

Section: Llamas and Alpacasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25,82,209 When transferred to lower altitudes or higher latitudes where solar radiation is much lower, serum vitamin D concentrations in llamas and alpacas decline to low levels, especially during winter. 182,211 Once vitamin D 3 is formed in the skin, it preferentially binds to vitamin D-binding protein in the capillaries of the dermis, and it is either stored in fat or transported to the liver. 87 Whether obtained from sun exposure or diet, vitamins D 2 and D 3 are biologically inactive and must undergo two hydroxylation reactions to be activated.…”

Section: Biology Of Vitamin D Activation Of Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Metabolism and Rickets in Domestic Animals

2010

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Rickets and osteomalacia are increasing in prevalence in people because of cultural practices, breast-feeding, decreased sun exposure, and increased sunscreen usage. Several hereditary forms of rickets owing to either renal phosphate wasting or defects in vitamin D metabolism are also reported in people. Rickets is well recognized in domestic animals, but published reports are not always supported by microscopic findings, and diagnoses based on clinical signs and radiology are unreliable. Most cases in domestic animals are caused by dietary deficiency of either vitamin D or phosphorus, but occasional inherited forms are reported in pigs, sheep, cats, and dogs. There is variation between species in susceptibility to dietary vitamin D and phosphorus deficiency and in the ability to manufacture vitamin D in their skin. A number of mouse models have been discovered or created to study human skeletal diseases and skeletal homeostasis. With the discovery that vitamin D is involved in not only calcium and phosphorus homeostasis but also in the immune system and cancer, there is great potential for new and existing animal models to generate valuable information about vitamin D and its many functions. This review presents an overview of vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic and laboratory animals and makes comparisons where appropriate with the disease in humans. Keywords bone, rickets, vitamin D, phosphorus, genetic diseasesRickets is a classic metabolic bone disease of humans and animals, first described in the first and second centuries. 158,165 With the discovery that vitamin D could prevent rickets, the prevalence of this disease in developed countries plummeted; however, it still occurs. In fact, the prevalence of rickets and vitamin D insufficiency is increasing in people of all ages in the developed world, due in part to decreased sunlight exposure and widespread sunscreen usage. 88 The disease is well recognized in animals, but published reports are uncommon and sometimes confusing.The pathogenesis of rickets involves impaired mineralization of physeal and epiphyseal cartilage during endochondral ossification and of newly formed osteoid. Most cases in domestic animals are caused by dietary deficiency of either vitamin D or phosphorus, but occasional inherited forms are reported. 109,200 Osteomalacia is caused by a failure of newly formed osteoid to mineralize, but it occurs in adults after closure of growth plates. 109In this article, we review vitamin D metabolism and rickets, with reference to the disease in domestic animals but presenting comparison with the disease in humans where appropriate. Biology of Vitamin D Activation of Vitamin DVitamin D is available from two sources: isomerization of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in the skin to vitamin D 3 following exposure to ultraviolet light or from ingestion of vitamin D 2 or D 3 in the diet. Only a few foods, including cod liver oil and fatty fish such as salmon and sardines, naturally contain high concentrations of vitamin D 3 .49 Vitamin D 2 i...

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“…Their serum concentrations had significant differences between three age groups of camels. N egative relationship of age with serum concentration of Pin one-humped camel and llamas (Rezakhani et al 1997, Smith andVan Saun 2001), and with serum Ca and Pi n different breeds of dairy cattle and sheep (Schaffer et al 1981) has been reported. in different breeds of sheep, an age related decrease in serum Ca, P and K, and an increase in serum Mg have been reported (Lane et al 1968).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum concentrations of some ions in clinically healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Tajik¹,

Sazmand²,

Moghaddam³

et al. 2015

EurasianJVetSci

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Klinik olarak sağlıklı develerde (Camelus dromedarius) bazı serum iyon konsantrasyonlarıÖzAmaç: Tek hörgüçlü develerde serum kalsiyum, fosfor; mag nezyum, sodyum ve potasyum düzeylerine yaş, cinsiyet ve mevsimin etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem:Serum kalsiyum, fosfor, magnezyum, sod yum ve potasyum düzeyleri 180 sağlıklı deveden elde edilen örneklerden belirlendi. Bulgular:Cinsiyetler arasında serum potasyum konsantras yonlarında istatistiki fark belirlendi (P<0.05). Ayrıca serum potasyum (P<0.007) ve kalsiyum (P<0.001) düzeyleri farklı yaş gruplarında istatistiki olarak farklı belirlendi ve hayvan ların yaşları arasında potasyum (r=0.216, P<0.004) ve kalsi yumda (r=-0.205, P<0.006) önemli korelasyon belirlendi. Yaz ve kış mevsimleri arasında serum kalsiyum (P<0.012), fosfor (P<0.001), potasyum (P<0.001) ve magnezyum (P<0.004) fark belirlendi.Öneri: Tek hörgüçlü develerde serum kalsiyum, fosfor, mag nezyum, sodyum ve potasyum düzeylerine mevsim, cinsiyet ve yaşın etkili olabileceği ifade edilebilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Serum iyonları, yaş, cinsiyet, mevsim, Camelus dromedarius 204Aim: Evaluation of the effects of season, sex and age on se rum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, so dium and potassium in dromedarian camels. Material and Method:Serum calcium, phosphorus, magne sium, sodium and potassium values were obtained from 180 clinically healthy animals.Results: Serum concentration of potassium showed a sig nificant difference between the two sexes (P<0.049). Also, serum potassium and calcium levels had significant diffe rence between the different age groups of camels (P<0.007 and P<0.001, respectively) and had significant correlation with the age of the animals (r=0.216, P<0.004 and r=-0.205, P<0.006, respectively). There were significant differences between summer and winter seasons in the serum concent rations of calcium (P<0.012), phosphorus (P<0.001), potas sium (P<0.001) and magnesium (P<0.004).Conclusion: it may be stated that season, sex and age effect the serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesi um, sodium and potassium in dromedarian camels.

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Seasonal changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations in llamas and alpacas

Cited by 31 publications

References 14 publications

Neonatology and Neonatal Disorders

Neonatology and Neonatal Disorders

Vitamin D Metabolism and Rickets in Domestic Animals

Serum concentrations of some ions in clinically healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius)

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