Seasonal Changes in Heart Rates, Activity, Metabolism, and Forage Intake of White-Tailed Deer

Moen, Aaron N.

doi:10.2307/3800763

Cited by 197 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Heart rates of red deer of both sexes varied considerably over the year, similar to seasonal changes in other northern deer (42,43), and as previously reported for farmed red deer (55). These changes in heart rate reflect changes in field MRs because a close relation exists between heart rate and oxygen consumption (6,8,10,30,40,58,71).…”

Section: Annual Changes Of Mrs and Underlying Causessupporting

confidence: 50%

Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Arnold

Ruf

Reimoser

et al. 2004

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

126

143

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. Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286: R174-R181, 2004. First published September 11, 2003 10.1152/ajpregu.00593.2002Herbivores of temperate and arctic zones are confronted during winter with harsh climatic conditions and nutritional shortness. It is still not fully understood how large ungulates cope with this twofold challenge. We found that red deer, similar to many other northern ungulates, show large seasonal fluctuations of metabolic rate, as indicated by heart rate, with a 60% reduction at the winter nadir compared with the summer peak. A previously unknown mechanism of energy conservation, i.e., nocturnal hypometabolism associated with peripheral cooling, contributed significantly to lower energy expenditure during winter. Predominantly during late winter night and early morning hours, subcutaneous temperature could decrease substantially. Importantly, during these episodes of peripheral cooling, heart rate was not maintained at a constant level, as to be expected from classical models of thermoregulation in the thermoneutral zone, but continuously decreased with subcutaneous temperature, both during locomotor activity and at rest. This indicates that the circadian minimum of basal metabolic rate and of the set-point of body temperature regulation varied and dropped to particularly low levels during late winter. Our results suggest, together with accumulating evidence from other species, that reducing endogenous heat production is not restricted to hibernators and daily heterotherms but is a common and well-regulated physiological response of endothermic organisms to energetically challenging situations. Whether the temperature of all tissues is affected, or the body shell only, may simply be a result of the duration and degree of hypometabolism and its interaction with body size-dependent heat loss. hypometabolism; hypothermia; winter adaptation; body temperature regulation MANY UNGULATES ARE CAPABLE of withstanding long and cold winters with low food availability. Large body size, excellent fur insulation, and countercurrent heat exchange mechanisms contribute to minimize energy requirements under cold load. However, reduced heat loss alone can hardly explain the substantially lowered metabolic rate (MR) of northern ungulates and the apparently ubiquitous decrease of voluntary food intake during winter (4,13,18,28,35,37,42,44,59,63,72). The search for mechanism to explain reduced energy expenditure during winter has so far produced equivocal results. Studies on white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus (66)], moose [Alces alces (56, 57)], roe deer [Capreolus capreolus (69)], and wapiti [Cervus elaphus nelsoni (49)] reported that animals had reduced MRs during winter. However, other studies failed to find any differences between summer and winter basal metabolic rate (BMR) and concluded that seasonal variations in MR were merely consequences of different activity levels and failures to measure animals within thei...

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Section: Annual Changes Of Mrs and Underlying Causessupporting

confidence: 50%

Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Arnold

Ruf

Reimoser

et al. 2004

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

126

143

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“…One potential physiological explanation for increased visitation of study farms in late spring might be increasing caloric needs associated with gestation (Moen 1978). Seasonal visits appear to correspond to increasing protein and metabolizable energy intake of pregnant female deer in the third trimester of gestation (Moen 1978;Pekins et al 1998;Parker et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of white-tailed deer visits to cattle farms: implications for disease transmission at the wildlife–livestock interface

et al. 2013

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in freeranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in MI, USA. Currently, the rates of farm visitation by deer and couse of forage resources by cattle and deer are poorly understood. To evaluate the extent deer and livestock may share forage resources, we investigated farm, yard, and cattle-use area visitation by white-tailed deer and compared visitation with common livestock management practices. We fitted 25 female white-tailed deer near the bTB-infected zone in Michigan's Lower Peninsula with global positioning system collars. Livestock management practices associated with farm visitation included presence of confined feeding pastures, number of cattle water sources, and the number of cattle pastures. Fewer farm visits occurred at night than during the day. A higher proportion of nighttime visits occurred between midnight and sunrise. Visitation to yards and cattle-use areas were similar: a higher proportion of visits occurred at night, and a higher proportion of nighttime visits occurred between midnight and sunrise. Multiple visits during the same day were common. Visitation increased through spring and peaked during the fawning season. Results suggest that mitigation and control efforts to guard against potential transmission of bTB should include the season and time of day during which deer visitation occurs. Furthermore, specific livestock management practices may contribute to farm visitation by deer. Deer visiting multiple farms may contribute to local area spread of bTB.Focusing risk mitigation efforts on individual deer that are most likely to visit farms may reduce potential bTB transmission.

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“…Seasonal changes in movement rates have been documented for a great number of species (Moen, 1978;Jingfors, 1982;Garner et al, 1990;Covell et al, 1996;Schneider et al, 2000;Brito, 2003). By modeling these changes we can derive inflection points marking the boundaries between statistically distinct periods of biological interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using movement behaviour to define biological seasons for woodland caribou

Rudolph

Drapeau

2012

Ran

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Terrestrial mammals are strongly influenced by seasonal changes in environmental conditions. Studies of animal space use behaviour are therefore inherently seasonal in nature. We propose an individual-based quantitative method for identifying seasonal shifts in caribou movement behaviour and we demonstrate its use in determining the onset of the winter, spring dispersal, and calving seasons. Using pooled data for the population we demonstrate an alternate approach using polynomial regression with mixed effects. We then compare individual onset dates with population-based estimates and those adopted by expert consensus for our study area. Distributions of individual-based onset dates were normally distributed with prominent modes; however, there was considerable variation in individual onset times. Population-based estimates were closer to the peaks of individual estimates than were expert-based estimates, which fell outside the onetailed 90% and 95% sample quantiles of individually-fitted distributions for spring and winter, respectively. Both expertand population-based estimates were later for winter and earlier for both spring and calving than were individual-based estimates. We discuss the potential consequences of neglecting to corroborate conventionally used dates with observed seasonal trends in movement behaviour. In closing, we recommend researchers adopt an individual-based quantitative approach and a variable temporal window for data set extraction.

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Seasonal Changes in Heart Rates, Activity, Metabolism, and Forage Intake of White-Tailed Deer

Cited by 197 publications

References 27 publications

Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Characteristics of white-tailed deer visits to cattle farms: implications for disease transmission at the wildlife–livestock interface

Using movement behaviour to define biological seasons for woodland caribou

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